| # | Title | Journal | Year | Citations |
|---|
| 1 | Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization | Artificial Life | 1999 | 2,264 |
| 2 | A Hypercube-Based Encoding for Evolving Large-Scale Neural Networks | Artificial Life | 2009 | 557 |
| 3 | Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies From the Bottom Up | Artificial Life | 2002 | 547 |
| 4 | A Brief History of Stigmergy | Artificial Life | 1999 | 494 |
| 5 | The Development of Embodied Cognition: Six Lessons from Babies | Artificial Life | 2005 | 432 |
| 6 | A Taxonomy for Artificial Embryogeny | Artificial Life | 2003 | 357 |
| 7 | Stigmergy, Self-Organization, and Sorting in Collective Robotics | Artificial Life | 1999 | 349 |
| 8 | Artificial Chemistries—A Review | Artificial Life | 2001 | 335 |
| 9 | Evolving 3D Morphology and Behavior by Competition | Artificial Life | 1994 | 291 |
| 10 | Avida: A Software Platform for Research in Computational Evolutionary Biology | Artificial Life | 2004 | 280 |
| 11 | Iterated Learning: A Framework for the Emergence of Language | Artificial Life | 2003 | 240 |
| 12 | Open Problems in Artificial Life | Artificial Life | 2000 | 235 |
| 13 | A Self-Organizing Spatial Vocabulary | Artificial Life | 1995 | 227 |
| 14 | Bridging Nonliving and Living Matter | Artificial Life | 2003 | 215 |
| 15 | Evolutionary Robotics: A New Scientific Tool for Studying Cognition | Artificial Life | 2005 | 214 |
| 16 | Evolving Mobile Robots in Simulated and Real Environments | Artificial Life | 1995 | 204 |
| 17 | Learning From and About Others: Towards Using Imitation to Bootstrap the Social Understanding of Others by Robots | Artificial Life | 2005 | 198 |
| 18 | Happiness Is Assortative in Online Social Networks | Artificial Life | 2011 | 197 |
| 19 | Artificial Fishes: Autonomous Locomotion, Perception, Behavior, and Learning in a Simulated Physical World | Artificial Life | 1994 | 193 |
| 20 | Creating High-Level Components with a Generative Representation for Body-Brain Evolution | Artificial Life | 2002 | 176 |
| 21 | Evolving Mobile Robots Able to Display Collective Behaviors | Artificial Life | 2003 | 173 |
| 22 | Modeling Adaptive Autonomous Agents | Artificial Life | 1993 | 168 |
| 23 | Natural Language From Artificial Life | Artificial Life | 2002 | 168 |
| 24 | Ant-Based Clustering and Topographic Mapping | Artificial Life | 2006 | 167 |
| 25 | Coevolutionary Computation | Artificial Life | 1995 | 166 |
| 26 | Coevolving Predator and Prey Robots: Do “Arms Races” Arise in Artificial Evolution? | Artificial Life | 1998 | 166 |
| 27 | Fifty Years of Research on Self-Replication: An Overview | Artificial Life | 1998 | 164 |
| 28 | Basic Autonomy as a Fundamental Step in the Synthesis of Life | Artificial Life | 2004 | 158 |
| 29 | The Artificial Life Roots of Artificial Intelligence | Artificial Life | 1993 | 150 |
| 30 | NetLogo, a Multi-agent Simulation Environment | Artificial Life | 2007 | 148 |
| 31 | Autopoiesis and Cognition | Artificial Life | 2004 | 146 |
| 32 | Artificial Fish Schools: Collective Effects of School Size, Body Size, and Body Form | Artificial Life | 2003 | 122 |
| 33 | A Macroscopic Analytical Model of Collaboration in Distributed Robotic Systems | Artificial Life | 2001 | 113 |
| 34 | Design, Observation, Surprise! A Test of Emergence | Artificial Life | 1999 | 110 |
| 35 | Connecting Brains to Robots: An Artificial Body for Studying the Computational Properties of Neural Tissues | Artificial Life | 2000 | 108 |
| 36 | What Is Morphological Computation? On How the Body Contributes to Cognition and Control | Artificial Life | 2017 | 108 |
| 37 | Ansatz for Dynamical Hierarchies | Artificial Life | 2001 | 105 |
| 38 | New Robotics: Design Principles for Intelligent Systems | Artificial Life | 2005 | 104 |
| 39 | On Meme–Gene Coevolution | Artificial Life | 2000 | 103 |
| 40 | Duplication of Modules Facilitates the Evolution of Functional Specialization | Artificial Life | 2000 | 99 |
| 41 | Learning and the Evolution of Language: The Role of Cultural Variation and Learning Costs in the Baldwin Effect | Artificial Life | 2002 | 99 |
| 42 | Characteristics of Pattern Formation and Evolution in Approximations of Physarum Transport Networks | Artificial Life | 2010 | 98 |
| 43 | Compositional Syntax From Cultural Transmission | Artificial Life | 2002 | 97 |
| 44 | Toward a Formalization of Emergence | Artificial Life | 2003 | 97 |
| 45 | Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Life | Artificial Life | 1994 | 95 |
| 46 | Locomotion Without a Brain: Physical Reservoir Computing in Tensegrity Structures | Artificial Life | 2013 | 94 |
| 47 | Evolution and Development of a Central Pattern Generator for the Swimming of a Lamprey | Artificial Life | 1999 | 92 |
| 48 | Simulating Market Dynamics: Interactions between Consumer Psychology and Social Networks | Artificial Life | 2003 | 90 |
| 49 | The Surprising Creativity of Digital Evolution: A Collection of Anecdotes from the Evolutionary Computation and Artificial Life Research Communities | Artificial Life | 2020 | 88 |
| 50 | Four Puzzles About Life | Artificial Life | 1998 | 87 |
