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1 December 2007 The association between distance to water pipes and water bodies positive for anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the urban community of Malindi, Kenya
Daniel E. Impoinvil, Joseph Keating, Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Robert Duncan, Gabriel Cardenas, Sajjad Ahmad, Charles M. Mbogo, John I. Githure, John C. Beier
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Abstract

The increasing risk of mosquito-borne diseases in African urban environments has been partly attributed to failed planning and resource underdevelopment. Though engineered systems may reduce mosquito proliferation, there are few studies describing this relationship. This study investigates how engineered systems such as roads and piped water systems affect the odds of anopheline immatures (i.e., larvae and pupae) occurring in water bodies located in Malindi, Kenya. Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Giles), An. arabiensis (Patton), and An. merus (Dointz) were identified in urban Malindi, with Anopheles gambiae s.s. being the predominant species identified. The Breslow-Day test was used to explore interactions among independent variables. Logistic regression was used to test whether water bodies positive for anopheline immatures are associated with engineered systems, while controlling for potential confounding and interaction effects associated with urban water body characteristics. Water bodies more than 100 m from water pipes were 13 times more likely to have anopheline immatures present, compared to water bodies that were less than 100 m from water pipes (OR = 13.54, 95% CI: 3.15 – 58.23). Roads were not significantly associated with water bodies positive for anopheline immatures. Statistical interaction was detected between water body substrate type and distance to water pipes. This study provides insight into how water pipes influence the distribution of water bodies positive with immature anophelines in urban environments.

Daniel E. Impoinvil, Joseph Keating, Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Robert Duncan, Gabriel Cardenas, Sajjad Ahmad, Charles M. Mbogo, John I. Githure, and John C. Beier "The association between distance to water pipes and water bodies positive for anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the urban community of Malindi, Kenya," Journal of Vector Ecology 32(2), 319-327, (1 December 2007). https://doi.org/10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[319:TABDTW]2.0.CO;2
Received: 30 May 2007; Accepted: 7 September 2007; Published: 1 December 2007
JOURNAL ARTICLE
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KEYWORDS
Anopheles gambiae s.l. immatures
Kenya
Malindi
piped water systems
roads
urban environment
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