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Fundamentals of Organic Lasers

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Organic Solid-State Lasers

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 175))

Abstract

In this chapter the main characteristics and specificities of organic solid-state lasers are presented. We particularly highlight these aspects which are important for organic lasers and specific to them, and which are therefore not usually treated in classical textbooks on lasers. The objective of this chapter is to present a quite general, while not exhaustive, overview of the photophysics of organic compounds that are directly useful to understand the physics of organic lasers, as well as a theoretical framework suited to the description of these lasers in most practical situations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although this low absorption cross section is also associated to a low emission cross section (and hence a low gain), this does not mean that crystalline gain media doped with rare-earth ions would be “worse” than organics or semiconductors to make a good laser material, because the metastability of the excited state also means that Nd, Yb or Er ions have a very long lifetime (~ms), enabling a good energy storage capability. For this reason population inversion is easy to reach in rare-earth ions, even in three-level (Er) or quasi-2 level (Yb) configurations.

  2. 2.

    “Classically, the Franck–Condon principle is the approximation that an electronic transition is most likely to occur without changes in the positions of the nuclei in the molecular entity and its environment. The resulting state is called a Franck–Condon state, and the transition involved, a vertical transition. The quantum mechanical formulation of this principle is that the intensity of a vibronic transition is proportional to the square of the overlap integral between the vibrational wavefunctions of the two states that are involved in the transition”—IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd Edition (1997).

  3. 3.

    There is a small energy difference between the three triplet substates because of their different ms quantum numbers, called the Zero Field Splitting (because it exists even in absence of an applied magnetic field) due to spin–spin interactions, however it is very low (from a few µeV to a few meV in metal–ligand charge transfer complexes) and is hence only detectable at cryogenic temperatures.

  4. 4.

    The word exciton usually describes any mobile excited state, i.e. it is applicable whenever the excitation is able to travel or diffuse—to a nearby molecule for instance in the case of a molecular solid. The concept associated with the “exciton binding energy” is still valid for an oligomer or a dye dispersed in a non-conjugated matrix, although it may just be called the coulomb interaction in this case. Note also that the exciton binding energy in the case of an OSC carries more physical insight when it is defined with respect to the transport gap, as this becomes equal to the energy required to break the exciton into a pair of separated charges; in a dye-doped polymer the Coulomb energy can be expressed directly with respect to the HOMO–LUMO gap.

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    Sébastien Forget & Sébastien Chénais

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Forget, S., Chénais, S. (2013). Fundamentals of Organic Lasers. In: Organic Solid-State Lasers. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 175. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36705-2_2

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