Abstract
A four-year research and development program at CAPOLSA (the Centre for the Promotion of Literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa) was inspired by widespread dissatisfaction with poor literacy outcomes of mass basic schooling in Zambia and sought to test the generalizability of a scientifically grounded, computer-mediated instructional resource developed in Finland, for effective intervention in an African society where different linguistic and educational conditions obtain. Specific challenges and opportunities posed by the local sociocultural context included the prevalence of multilingualism, the relatively transparent orthographies of local languages, and poor infrastructure of the public school system. Software was translated and field-tested under ecologically realistic conditions. Complementary influences on initial literacy learning were systematically explored of children’s home literacy environments, teachers’ attitudes and practices, biological and social constraints on learning among children with special needs, curriculum development, and teacher training. Complementary instructional resource development focused on creation of child-friendly reading materials in seven indigenous languages, translation of stories across those languages, harmonization of their orthographies, and exploring the potential of multiple media for dissemination of literacy materials. Effective application of scientific and technological innovations to educational policy and practice called for systematic coordination of insights from multiple disciplines to situate developmental science within sociocultural context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
chiTonga book1 ISBN:978 998,212,475 1, chiTonga book2 ISBN: 978 9982 12,472 0, ciNyanja book1 ISBN:978 9982 12,474 4, ciNyanja book2 ISBN:978 9982 12,471 3, iciBemba book1 ISBN:978 9982 12,473 7, iciBemba book2 ISBN:978 9982 12,470 6, KiKaonde Book 1 ISBN: 978 9982 2409 70, Lunda Book 1 ISBN: 978 9982 2409 87, Luvale Book 1 ISBN: 978 9982 2409 94, siLozi book1 ISBN:978 9982 12,476 8, siLozi book2 ISBN 978 9982 12,469 0)
References
Akkari, A., Serpell, R., Baker, L., & Sonnenschein, S. (1998). An analysis of teacher ethnotheories. The Professional Educator, 21, 45–61.
Alexander, D. (1982). Problems of educational reform in Zambia. Annual SCUTREA Conference Proceedings (pp. 77–103). Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00002618.htm
Aro, M. (2006). Learning to read: The effect of orthography. In R. M. Joshi & P. G. Aaron (Eds.), Handbook of orthography and literacy (pp. 531–550). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Aro, M., & Wimmer, H. (2003). Learning to read: English in comparison to six more regular orthographies. Journal of Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 621–635.
Bailey, B. (2006). Heteroglossia and boundaries. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 257–274). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
Bamgbose, A. (1984). Mother-tongue medium and scholastic attainment in Nigeria. Prospects, 14(1), 87–93.
Banda, F., Mtenje, A., Miti, L., Chanda, V., Kamwendo, G., Ngunga, A., Liphola, M., Manuel, C., Sitoe, B., Simango, S., & Nkolola, M. W. (2008). A unified standard orthography for Southcentral African languages (Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia). (Second, Revised Edition). Cape Town, South Africa: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (Monograph Series No. 229).
Beck, I. L., & McKeown, M. G. (2007). Increasing young low-income children’s oral vocabulary repertoires through rich and focused instruction. The Elementary School Journal, 107, 251–271.
Berlin, I. (Ed.). (1956). The age of enlightenment: The eighteenth-century philosophers. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Beyani, C. (2013). Zambia: Effective delivery of public education services. OSISA Accessed September 2013 from http://www.osisa.org/other/education/zambia
Bos, C., Mather, N., Dickson, S., Podhajski, B., & Chard, D. (2001). Perceptions and knowledge of pre-service and in-service educators about early reading instruction. Annals of Dyslexia, 51, 97–120.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Crouter, A. C. (1983). The evolution of environmental models in developmental research. In P. H. Mussen & W. Kessen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, History, theory and methods (vol. 1, pp. 357–414). New York, NY: Wiley.
Carroll, J. M., Bowyer-Crane, C., Duff, F. J., Hulme, C., & Snowling, M. J. (2011). Developing language and literacy: Effective interventions in the early years. New York, NY: Wiley.
Chansa-Kabali, T. (2014). The acquisition of early reading skills: The influence of the home environment in Lusaka. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.
Coombe, T. (1967). Origins of secondary education in Zambia. African Social Research, 3, 173–205.
CSO (Central Statistical Office) (1973). Census of population and housing 1969: Final report Vol. I - Total Zambia. Lusaka, Zambia: Government Printer.
CSO (Central Statistical Office) (2003). Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing, Zambia Analytical Report Volume 10. Lusaka, Zambia: Government Printer.
Cummins, J. (2001). Bilingual children’s mother tongue: Why is it important for education? Sprog Forum, 19, 15–20.
Erling, E. J., & Seargeant, P. (Eds.). (2013). English and development policy, pedagogy and globalization. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Fink, G., Matafwali, B., Moucheraud, C., & Zuilkowski, S. S. (2012). The Zambian Early Childhood Development Project −2010 Assessment Final Report. Retrieved November 2012 from http://developingchild.harvard.edu/activities/global_initiative/zambian_project/)
Gumperz, J. J., & Hymes, D. (1964). The ethnography of communication. American Anthropologist, 66, no.06, part-02.
Heugh, K. (2000). The case against bilingual and multilingual education in South Africa. PRAESA Occasional Paper No. 6. Cape Town, South Africa: PRAESA
Holopainen, L., Ahonen, T., & Lyytinen, H. (2001). Predicting delaying in reading achievement in a highly transparent language. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34, 401–413.
Hungi, N., Makuwa, D., Ross, K., Saito, M., Dolata, S., Van Cappelle, F., Paviot, L., & Vellien, J. (2010). Pupil achievement results. Retrieved January 2012 from www.sacmeq.org
Jere-Folotiya, J. (2014). Influence of Grade One teachers and Graphogame on initial literacy acquisition: Lusaka District. PhD, University of Zambia/University of Jyväskylä.
Jere-Folotiya, J., Chansa-Kabali, T., Munachaka, J. C., Sampa, F., Yalukanda, C., Westerholm, J., … Lyytinen, H. (2014). The effect of using a mobile literacy game to improve literacy levels of grade one students in Zambian schools. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62, 417–432.
Kagan, D. M. (1992). Implications of research on teacher beliefs. Educational Psychologist, 27, 65–90.
Kanyika, J. (2004). National assessment: Preliminary results. Paper presented to the National Assessment Steering Committee, February, 2004.
Kanyongo, G. Y., Certo, J., & Launcelot, B. I. (2006). Using regression analysis to establish the relationship between home environment and reading achievement: A case for Zimbabwe. International Education Journal, 7, 632–641.
Kashoki, M. E. (1972). Town Bemba: A sketch of its main characteristics. African Social Research, 13, 161–186.
Kashoki, M. E., & Mann, M. (1978). A general sketch of the Bantu languages of Zambia. In S. I. Ohannessian & M. E. Kashoki (Eds.), Language in Zambia (pp. 47–100). London: International African Institute.
Korten, D. C. (1980). Community organization and rural development: A learning process approach. Public Administration Review, 40, 480–511.
Kramsch, C. (2012). Authenticity and legitimacy in multilingual SLA. Critical Multilingualism Studies, 1, 107–128.
Kyle, F., Kujala, J. V., Richardson, U., Lyytinen, H., & Goswami, U. (2013). Assessing the effectiveness of two theoretically motivated computer-assisted reading interventions in the United Kingdom: GG rime and GG phoneme. Reading Research Quarterly, 48, 61–76.
Labov, W. (1969). The logic of non-standard English. In P. P. Giglioli (Ed.), Language and social context (pp. 179–215). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Legere, K. (Ed). (1996).Cross-border languages: Reports and studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23-27 September 1996. Windhoek, Namibia: Gamsberg Macmillan.
Leseman, P. M., & de Jong, P. (1998). Home literacy: Opportunity, instruction, cooperation and social emotional quality predicting early reading achievement. Reading Research Quarterly, 33, 294–318.
Linehan, S. (2004). Language of instruction and the quality of basic education in Zambia. Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2005. The Quality Imperative. Paris, France: UNESCO (2005/ED/EFA/MRT/PI/29). Retrieved April 2013 from http://literacyhub.org/documents/146659e.pdf
Lyytinen, P., Eklund, K., & Lyytinen, H. (2005). Language development and literacy skills in late-talking toddlers with and without familial risk for dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 55, 166–192.
Lyytinen, H., Erskine, J., Kujala, J., Ojanen, E., & Richardson, U. (2009). In search of a science-based application: A learning tool for reading acquisition. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 668–675.
Lyytinen, H., Ronimus, M., Alanko, A., Poikkeus, A., & Taanila, M. (2007). Early identification of dyslexia and the use of computer game-based practice to support reading acquisition. Nordic Psychology, 59, 109–126.
McAdam, B. H. G. (1978). The new Zambia primary course. In S. I. Ohannessian & M. E. Kashoki (Eds.), Language in Zambia (pp. 329–354). London: International African Institute.
McGuire, W. J. (1973). The Yin and Yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 446–456.
Meeuwis, M., & Blommaert, J. (1998). A monolectal view of code-switching: Layered code-switching among Zairians in Belgium. In P. Auer (Ed.), Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity (pp. 76–98). London and New York: Routledge.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (1976). Education for development. Lusaka: Government Printer.
MoE (Ministry of Education, Republic of Zambia). (1977). Zambian languages: Orthography approved by the Ministry of Education. Lusaka: NECZAM.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (1992). Zambia basic education course. In Grade 1 teacher’s guide part A: The resource book. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (1996). Educating our future. Lusaka: Government Printer.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (1998). Zambia teachers education course. Literacy and languages tutor’s guide. Lusaka: Government Printer.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (2001). New breakthrough to literacy. Teacher’s guide. Lusaka: Longman.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (2008). Zambia teacher education syllabi. Lusaka: CDC.
MoE (Ministry of Education). (2012). Learning achievement at the middle basic level: Zambia's national assessment report for 2010 survey. Lusaka: Examination Council of Zambia.
MoE (Ministry of Education, Science, Vocational Training and Early Education). (2013). National literacy framework. Lusaka: Zambia Education Publishing House.
Moody, J. A. (1997). Zambians talking: Twenty-five English conversations. Zambian Papers, 20. Lusaka: University of Zambia Press.
Mtenje, A. (2009). Conceptions and challenges in multilingual education paradigms for African language. In K. K. Prah & B. Brock-Utne (Eds.), Multilingualism. An African advantage. A paradigm shift in African languages of instruction policies, CASAS Book Series No. 67 (pp. 62–78). Cape Town: SED Printing Solutions.
Nespor, J. (1987). The role of beliefs in the practice of teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 19, 317–328.
Ngorosho, D. (2009). Key indicators of home environment for educational research in rural communities in Tanzania. New York, NY: Springer.
Ojanen, E. (2007). Sewero La-ma-u – A phonetic approach to literacy teaching in Zambia. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä.
Ojanen, E., Kachenga, G. M., Kaoma, S. K., Chilufya, J., Kalindi, S., Mando, R., & Matafwali, B. (2008). Summary of the Zambian literate game pilot. Finland: University of Jyväskylä.
Ojanen, E., Kujala, J., Richardson, U., & Lyytinen, H. (2013). Technology-enhanced literacy learning in Zambia: Observations from a multilingual literacy environment. Insights on Learning Disabilities: From Prevailing Theories to Validated Practices, 10, 103–127.
Pajares, F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62, 307–332.
RAND (2012). Teachers matter: Understanding teachers’ impact on student achievement. Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP693z1-2012-09.html
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.
Sameroff, A. J. (1983). Developmental systems: Contexts and evolution. In P. H. Mussen & W. Kessen (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, History, theory, and methods (vol. 1, pp. 237–294). New York, NY: Wiley.
Sampa, F. K. (2005). Zambia’s Primary Reading Program (PRP): Improving access and quality education in basic schools. ADEA: African Experiences – Country Case Studies, No. 4 (ISBN No. 92-9178-055-3). Paris France: Association for Development of Education in Africa (ADEA). Retrieved August 2012 from http://www.adeanet.org/pubadea/publications/pdf/04_zambia_en.pdf)
Saine, N. L., Lerkkanen, M. K., Ahonen, T., Tolvanen, A., & Lyytinen, H. (2011). Computer-assisted remedial reading intervention for school beginners at risk for reading disability. Child Development, 82(3), 1013–1028.
Schweisfurth, M. (2011). Learner-centred education in developing country contexts: From solution to problem? International Journal of Educational Development, 31, 425–432.
Sénéchal, M., & Le Fevre, J. (2002). Parental involvement in the development of children’s reading skill: A five-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 445–460.
Serpell, R. (1978). Some developments in Zambia since 1971. In S. I. Ohannessian & M. E. Kashoki (Eds.), Language in Zambia (pp. 424–447). London: International African Institute.
Serpell, R. (1980). Linguistic flexibility in urban Zambian schoolchildren. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 345(1), 97–119.
Serpell, R. (1993). The significance of schooling: Life-journeys in an African society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Serpell, R. (1999). Theoretical conceptions of human development. In L. Eldering & P. Leseman (Eds.), Effective early intervention: Cross-cultural perspectives (pp. 41–66). New York, NY: Falmer.
Serpell, R. (2000). Culture and intelligence. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), The encyclopedia of psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Oxford University Press.
Serpell, R. (2014a). Growth of communicative competence in a dynamic African context: Challenges for developmental assessment. In M. Prinsloo & C. Stroud (Eds.), Educating for language and literacy diversity (pp. 73–96). London: Palgrave, Macmillan.
Serpell, R. (2014b). Promotion of literacy in sub-Saharan Africa: Goals and prospects of CAPOLSA at the University of Zambia. Human Technology, 10, 23–39.
Serpell, R., & Akkari, A. (2001). Qualitative approaches to cultural psychology: A point of entry for egalitarian cross-cultural communication among researchers. In M. Lahlou & G. Vinsonneau (Eds.), La psychologie au regard des contacts de cultures (pp. 65–85). Limonest: l’Interdisciplinaire.
Serpell, R., Baker, L., & Sonnenschein, S. (2005). Becoming literate in the city: The Baltimore early childhood project. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Serpell, R., & Hatano, G. (1997). Education, literacy and schooling. In J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, & T. M. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (vol. 2, 2nd ed.pp. 345–382). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Serpell, R., Sonnenschein, S., Baker, L., & Ganapathy, H. (2002). Intimate culture of families in the early socialization of literacy. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 391–405.
Share, D. L. (2008). On the Anglocentricities of current reading research and practice: The perils of overreliance on an outlier orthographies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 584–615.
Silvia, M. S., Verhoeven, L., & van Leeuwe, J. (2008). Sociocultural predictors of reading literacy. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing House.
Snelson, P. D. (1974). Educational development in northern Rhodesia, 1883–1945. Lusaka: NEDCOZ.
Spiro, M. E. (1990). On the strange and the familiar in recent anthropological thought. In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology (pp. 47–61). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spitulnik, D. (1998). The language of the city: Town Bemba as urban hybridity. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 8, 30–59.
Stemler, S., Chamvu, F., Chart, H., Jarvin, L., Jere, J., Hart, L., … Grigorenko, E. L. (2009). Assessing competencies in reading and mathematics in Zambian children. In E. L. Grigorenko (Ed.), Multicultural psychoeducational assessment (pp. 157–186). New York, NY: Springer.
Storch, S. A., & Whitehurst, G. J. (2001). The role of family and home in the literacy development of children from low-income backgrounds. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 92, 53–72.
Tambulukani, G., Sampa, F., Musuku, R., & Linehan, S. (2001). Reading in Zambia—A quiet revolution through the primary reading program. In S. Manaka (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st pan-African conference on reading for all (pp. 70–88). Newark, NJ: International Reading Association.
Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effectiveness for language minority students’ long-term academic achievement. Retrieved 20 July 2017 from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475048.pdf
Thoonen, E. E. J., Oort, F. J., Peetsma, T. T. D., Geijsel, F. P., & Sleegers, P. J. C. (2011). How to improve teaching practices: The role of teacher motivation, organizational factors, and leadership practices. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47, 496–536.
Underwood, C., Serlemitsos, E. T., & Macwang’i, M. (2007). Health communication in multilingual contexts: A study of reading preferences, practices and proficiencies among literate adults in Zambia. Journal of Health Communication, 12, 317–337.
UNESCO (1990). Education for All (Jomtien). Retrieved August 2013 from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/education-for-all/the-efa-movement
UNESCO (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action. Retrieved August 2013 from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf
Van den Berg, R. (2002). Teachers’ meanings regarding educational practice. Review of Educational Research, 72, 577–625.
Van Steensel, R. (2006). Relations between socio-cultural factors, the home literacy environment and children’s literacy development in the first years of primary education. Journal of Research in Reading, 29, 367–382.
Walubita, G., Nieminen, L., Serpell, R., Ojanen, E., Lyytinen, H., Choopa, M., Katongo, M., Jere-Folotiya, J., Yalukanda, C., Nakawala-Maumbi, M. (2015) Ensuring sufficient literacy practice with tablet technology in Zambian schools. Conference paper. IST-Africa Malawi 7th May 2015. Accessible from www.IST-Africa.org/Conference2015
Wigfield, A., & Asher, S. R. (1984). Social and motivational influences on reading. In P. D. Pearson (Ed.), Handbook of reading research (pp. 423–452). New York, NY: Longman.
Willenberg, A. I. (2004). Emergent literacy skills and family literacy environments of kindergarteners in South Africa. Harvard Graduate School of Education.
World Bank. (2007). Implementation completion and results report on a loan/credit in the amount of US$ million 35.59 (sdr 25.86 million credit) to Zambia for basic education sub-sector investment program. Accessed 21 June 2011 from http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/02/09/000020953_20070209131910/Rendered/INDEX/ICR48.txt
Yoshikawa, H., Weisner, T. S., Kalil, A., & Way, N. (2008). Mixing qualitative and quantitative research in developmental science: Uses and methodological choices. Developmental Psychology, 44, 344–354.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Serpell, R. et al. (2017). A Culturally Sensitive Approach to Promoting Initial Literacy Development in Africa: Ongoing and Planned Research and Development at the University of Zambia’s Centre for Promotion of Literacy in Sub-Saharan Africa (CAPOLSA). In: Abubakar, A., van de Vijver, F. (eds) Handbook of Applied Developmental Science in Sub-Saharan Africa. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7328-6_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7328-6_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7326-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7328-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)