Abstract
Odors are often associated with nuisance and health risks. In this study, the atmospheric levels of H2S and NH3 were determined in 5 sites near polluted urban rivers during rainy and dry periods in the city of Salvador, Brazil, as well as the relationships between these odorous compounds and meteorological and water quality parameters applying multivariate analysis, and the non-carcinogenic risks (as hazard quotient—HQ). The compounds H2S and NH3 were passively sampled and determined by molecular spectrophotometry. Average concentrations were lower in the rainy period (6.56 ± 0.83 μg m−3 for H2S; 8.67 ± 2.50 μg m−3 for NH3) than in the dry period (8.05 ± 1.44 μg m−3 for H2S; 10.62 ± 4.39 μg m−3 for NH3), probably due to lower water and air temperatures, which contribute to lower water–air transfer rates and higher precipitation and relative humidity values, thus favoring the removal of these compounds from the atmosphere. The PCA and HCA results confirmed these relationships, as well as showing strong positive correlations between NH3, N-NH4+, TN, Twater, BOD, and EC, and strong negative correlations between H2S, pH, and DO, indicating that these water quality parameters also influence the levels of H2S and NH3 in air, thereby confirming a common source for the gas emissions as being mainly from polluted rivers. The maximum H2S concentrations were above the odor threshold value established by the WHO in both periods. According to deterministic health risk assessment, the HQ values for NH3 were below the acceptable limit set by USEPA (HQ = 1). However, all HQ values found for H2S (4.28, 2.80, 1.46 at 95th percentile) for the 3 groups of the exposed population in the dry period using probabilistic risk assessment with Monte Carlo simulation were above this limit, therefore indicating human health risks.
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB) for fellowships.
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This study was partially supported by FAPESB with two research grants (registration numbers 4241/2018 and 4247/2019).
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Cruz, L.P.S., Alves, R.S., da Rocha, F.O.C. et al. Atmospheric levels, multivariate statistical study, and health risk assessment of odorous compounds (H2S and NH3) in areas near polluted urban rivers in the city of Salvador, in Northeastern Brazil. Air Qual Atmos Health 15, 159–176 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01095-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01095-7