Abstract
The proposes of this study were to compare THg (total mercury), Pb(Lead), Cd(Cadmium), and Mn (Manganese) contamination in poultry blood between polluted areas (≤ 25 km) and unpolluted areas (> 25 km) adjacent to the largest gold mining in northern Thailand. The THg level in the free-grazing duck in polluted areas was significantly higher than unpolluted area. Both THg and Pb levels in free-grazing duck were also highest in polluted areas. In contrast, the level of (Mn) in chicken blood was the highest in polluted areas. Cadmium in farmed duck from polluted areas was significantly higher than unpolluted areas. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of Hg, Pb, Cd, and Mn in all age groups in both areas did not exceed 1, meaning there is no possibility of the non-carcinogenic toxicity. Whereas, the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of both Pb and Cd exceeded 1 × 10–4 in all age groups and these were particularly higher in the polluted area and considered to yield significant health effects of increasing the cancer risk. The ILCR in descending order for Pb and Cd was 13–18 years old = 18–35 years old > 6–13 years old = 35–65 years old > 3–6 years old > 65 up years old, respectively. The results revealed that the human cancer risk related to consuming poultry blood contaminated with both Pb and Cd in all age groups must be of concern, especially 13–18 and 18–35 years, it must be recommended to avoid raising animals in contaminated areas, especially free-grazing duck.
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Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University.
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This study was supported by the grant in aid from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University.
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PA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing–original draft. RM: Formal Analysis, Methodology, Validation. KS: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Resources. PT and PS: Investigation, Visualization. PT: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing–review & editing.
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This study used approved protocol according to the guideline of Animal Care of the Kasetsart University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee used under the Ethical Review Board of the Office of National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) protocol number ACKU62-VET-045(2019) on December 10th, 2018. No human research subject were used in this study.
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Aendo, P., Mingkhwan, R., Senachai, K. et al. Health significant alarms of toxic carcinogenic risk consumption of blood meal metals contamination in poultry at a gold mining neighborhood, northern Thailand. Environ Geochem Health 44, 783–797 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00971-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00971-6