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An Exploratory Investigation of Parental Incarceration, Emotional Independence, and Adult Children’s Criminal Activity

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Abstract

Although research suggests that parental incarceration is associated with intergenerational continuity in crime, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Using multi-population structural equation modeling and data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 1207), the current study explored specific experiences associated with labeling as well as internalizing labels, including experiencing corporal punishment during childhood, criminal arrests during adolescence, and identifying as a troublemaker/partier in young adulthood (measured with reflected appraisals), as potential mechanisms linking parental incarceration and young adults’ offending. We assessed whether this association differed by young adults’ level of emotional independence, that is, freedom from the need for parental approval. We found that parental incarceration indirectly influenced criminal activity particularly through identifying as a troublemaker/partier during young adulthood but only for those who sought parental approval. Overall, we concluded that high emotional independence, or not seeking parental approval, may be a protective factor that facilitates intergenerational discontinuities in crime.

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Notes

  1. Given TARS’ accelerated longitudinal design, respondents’ troublemaker/partier identity was measured at different interviews (e.g., if respondents were 18 years of age at the first interview, their identity was measured at the first interview whereas if respondents turned 18 years at the third interview, their identity was measured at the third interview).

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Funding

This research received support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD036223 and HD044206), the Department of Health and Human Services (5APRPA006009), the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice (Award Nos. 2009-IJ-CX-0503 and 2010-MU-MU-0031), and in part by the Center for Family and Demographic Research, Bowling Green State University, which has core funding from The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD050959). The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Department of Justice or National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Sociocultural and Justice Sciences, State University of New York at Fredonia, W369 Thompson Hall, Fredonia, NY, 14063, USA

    Jessica G. Finkeldey

  2. Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA

    Monica A. Longmore, Peggy C. Giordano & Wendy D. Manning

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Finkeldey, J.G., Longmore, M.A., Giordano, P.C. et al. An Exploratory Investigation of Parental Incarceration, Emotional Independence, and Adult Children’s Criminal Activity. J Dev Life Course Criminology 7, 151–175 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-021-00164-w

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