Abstract
The East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis is a bottom-dwelling species, but goes through a planktonic phase as ‘paralarvae’ during the first several weeks of life. As the swimming performance of the paralarvae is relatively poor, their dispersion relies primarily on ocean currents; however, vertical swimming may play an important role in their horizontal dispersion by controlling their buoyancy in the current. Within this context, ontogenic changes in vertical swimming in relation to the ambient water flow are key to understanding the dispersion properties of the paralarvae and the subsequent onset of settlement, yet this information remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of different water flows (downward × 4 velocities, stagnant and upward × 5 velocities) on the vertical swimming position in test columns using laboratory-raised O. sinensis paralarvae aged 0, 5, 10 and 15 days during the day and at night. Paralarvae younger than 10 days (< 3 mg in dry weight) tended to swim upwards regardless of the water flow conditions, but their swimming was disrupted under downward water flows, while they exhibited repeating upward swimming and downward pushing-back movements. Thus, for early paralarvae, an upward water flow may have a positive effect on dispersion by supporting their innate upward swimming, while a downward water flow may impact paralarvae negatively due to exhaustion through excess swimming activities. Paralarvae aged 15 days (> 5 mg) commenced short clinging behaviour, and their swimming positions dispersed downwards during daytime regardless of the water flow, indicating the onset of the transition to settlement. In contrast, their position shifted to near the upper limit at night by swimming upwards, even under downward water flows. Our results suggest that O. sinensis exhibits characteristic behaviour that alternates between diurnal descent dispersion with clinging (hyperbenthic trait) and nocturnal upward swimming (planktonic trait) during the transition to permanent benthic life.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the staff of the Research Center for Marine Invertebrates, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA), for supporting our laboratory work. We are also grateful to the editor and anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions, which have improved the manuscript. This study was funded by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP17K07928 to SD.
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Dan, S., Takasugi, A., Shibasaki, S. et al. Ontogenic change in the vertical swimming of East Asian common octopus Octopus sinensis paralarvae under different water flow conditions. Aquat Ecol 54, 795–812 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09777-7