Abstract
This chapter assessed the drivers of land use/land cover change and describes observed transitions in Hawaiʻi (USA), using the island of Maui as a case study. Over the last half-century, Maui has experienced periods of intensive agriculture, rapid urban development, population migration, and environmental change. To better understand landscape-level change on Maui, this chapter compared the available land cover products and quantified the spatial transitions between them. Between 1976 and the early 2000s, all products showed that agricultural land cover declined significantly (losses of 46–63%), built-up area expanded (gains of 105–273%), and grassland and bare land cover also increased (gains of 113–196%, and 46–137%, respectively). These transitions reflected documented shifts in Maui land management and environmental change over the past 40 years, but poor Kappa scores (from 0.47 to 0.62) highlighted the spatial disagreement between the different classifications. Furthermore, when each classification was examined individually, only the NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) product adequately reflected the more recent changes of the last 10–20 years. Based on this assessment, the NOAA C-CAP product is the recommended existing tool for analyzing spatial change in Hawaiʻi. It was designed with ecosystems management and change detection in mind and is the only high-resolution, internally-consistent product that is updated at regular intervals. Newer high-resolution imagery and ancillary spatial data on the drivers of change will provide opportunities to refine existing products and generate more recent information for tracking land cover change in Hawaiʻi.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, J. R., Hardy, E. E., Roach, J. T., & Witmer, R. E. (1976). A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data, Rep. No. 964. Land Cover Institute, Reston.
Anderson, T. R., Fletcher, C. H., Barbee, M. M., Frazer, L. N., & Romine, B. M. (2015). Doubling of coastal erosion under rising sea level by mid-century in Hawaiʻi. Natural Hazards, 78, 75–103.
Asner, G. P., Hughes, R. F., Mascaro, J., Uowolo, A. L., Knapp, D. E., Jacobson, J., … Clark, J. K. (2011). High-resolution carbon mapping on the million-hectare Island of Hawaiʻi. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 434–439.
Asner, G. P., Mascaro, J., Muller-Landau, H. C., Vieilledent, G., Vaudry, R., Rasamoelina, M., … van Breugel, M. (2012). A universal airborne LiDAR approach for tropical forest carbon mapping. Oecologia, 168, 1147–1160.
Bartholomew, D. P., Hawkins, R. A., & Lopez, J. A. (2012). Hawaiʻi pineapple: The rise and fall of an industry. HortScience, 47, 1390–1398.
Benning, T. L., LaPointe, D., Atkinson, C. T., & Vitousek, P. M. (2002). Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 14246–14249.
Blackford, M. (2001). Fragile paradise: The impact of tourism on Maui, 1959–2000. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Brewington, L., Keener, V., Finucane, M., & Eaton, P. (2017). Participatory scenario planning for climate change adaptation using remote sensing and GIS. In S. J. Walsh (Ed.), Remote sensing for societal benefits (pp. 236–252). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Clague, D., & Dalrymple, G. (1989). Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian emperor volcanic chain. In E. Winterer, D. Hussong, & R. Decker (Eds.), The eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaiʻi (pp. 188–217). Boulder: The Geological Society of America.
Cooper, G., & Daws, G. (1985). Land and power in Hawaiʻi: The Democratic years. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Crausbay, S. D., Frazier, A. G., Giambelluca, T. W., Longman, R. J., & Hotchkiss, S. C. (2014). Moisture status during a strong El Niño explains a tropical montane cloud forest’s upper limit. Oecologia, 175, 273–284.
Cuddihy, L., & Stone, C. (1990). Alteration of native Hawaiian vegetation: Effects of humans, their activities and introductions. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit.
D’iorio, M., Jupiter, S. D., Cochran, S. A., & Potts, D. C. (2007). Optimizing remote sensing and GIS tools for mapping and managing the distribution of an invasive mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) on South Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi. Marine Geodesy, 30, 125–144.
Ellsworth, L. M., Litton, C. M., Dale, A. P., & Miura, T. (2014). Invasive grasses change landscape structure and fire behaviour in Hawaiʻi. Applied Vegetation Science, 17, 680–689.
Elmore, A. J., Asner, G. P., & Hughes, R. F. (2005). Satellite monitoring of vegetation phenology and fire fuel conditions in Hawaiian drylands. Earth Interactions, 9, 1–21.
Fletcher, C., Mullane, R., & Richmond, B. (1997). Beach loss along armored shorelines on Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 13, 209–215.
Fletcher, C., Rooney, J., Barbee, M., Lim, S. C., & Richmond, B. (2003). Mapping shoreline change using digital orthophotogrammetry on Maui, Hawaiʻi. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 38, 106–124.
Fordham, D. A., & Brook, B. W. (2010). Why tropical island endemics are acutely susceptible to global change. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19, 329–342.
Fortini, L. B., Vorsino, A. E., Amidon, F. A., Paxton, E. H., & Jacobi, J. D. (2015). Large-scale range collapse of Hawaiian forest birds under climate change and the need for 21st century conservation options. PLoS One, 10, e0140389.
Giambelluca, T., Chen, Q., Frazier, A., Price, J., Chen, Y., Chu, P., … Delparte, D. (2013). Online rainfall atlas of Hawaiʻi. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 94, 313–316.
Gon III, S. (2006). The Hawaiʻi gap analysis project final report. University of Hawaiʻi, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu.
Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources. (2015). Hawaiʻi state wildlife action plan (SWAP). Honolulu: H.T. Harvey and Associates.
Hawaiʻi State GIS. (2019). Land use land cover of main Hawaiian Islands as of 1976. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://geoportal.Hawaiʻi.gov/datasets/e00b356bcc9d4fabb6e07d6319a7b543_11
Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority. (2017). 2017 annual visitor research report. Honolulu: Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority.
Hay, J. E., Forbes, D. L., & Mimura, N. (2013). Understanding and managing global change in small islands. Sustainability Science, 8, 303–308.
Hiatt, W. (1993). Hawaiʻi: Growth, government, and economy. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 119, 97–115.
Jacobi, J. D., Price, J., Fortini, L. B., Gon III, S., & Berkowitz, P. (2017a). Carbon assessment of Hawaiʻi. US Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DB80B9.
Jacobi, J. D., Price, J., Fortini, L. B., Gon, S., III, & Berkowitz, P. (2017b). Baseline land cover. In P. Selmants, C. P. Giardina, J. D. Jacobi, & Z. Zhu (Eds.), Baseline and projected future carbon storage and carbon fluxes in ecosystems of Hawai‘i (US geological survey professional paper 1834) (pp. 9–20). Reston: US Geological Survey.
Juvik, S., & Juvik, J. O. (1998). Atlas of Hawaiʻi (3rd Rev. ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Keener, V. W., Helweg, D. A., Asam, S., Balwani, S., Burkett, M., Fletcher, C., … Tribble, G. (2018). Ch. 27: Hawai‘i and U.S. affiliated Pacific Islands. In Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment (Vol. II, pp. 1242–1308). Washington, DC: US Global Change Research Program.
Kerr, S. A. (2005). What is small island sustainable development about? Ocean & Coastal Management, 48, 503–524.
Kier, G., Kreft, H., Lee, T. M., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P. L., Nowicki, C., … Barthlott, W. (2009). A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9322–9327.
Kirch, P. (1982). The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians of the Hawaiian ecosystem. Pacific Science, 36, 1–14.
Kirch, P. (2010). How chiefs became kings: Divine kingship and the rise of archaic states in ancient Hawaiʻi. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kirch, P., Coil, J., Hartshorn, A., Jeraj, M., Vitousek, P. M., & Chadwick, O. (2005). Intensive dryland farming on the leeward slopes of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaiian Islands: Archaeological, archaeobotanical, and geochemical perspectives. World Archaeology, 37, 240–258.
Kirch, P. V., Holson, J., & Baer, A. (2009). Intensive dryland agriculture in Kaupō, Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Asian Perspectives, 48, 265–290.
Krushelnycky, P. D., Loope, L. L., Giambelluca, T. W., Starr, F., Starr, K., Drake, D. R., … Robichaux, R. H. (2013). Climate-associated population declines reverse recovery and threaten future of an iconic high-elevation plant. Global Change Biology, 19, 911–922.
Kueffer, C., Daehler, C. C., Torres-Santana, C. W., Lavergne, C., Meyer, J.-Y., Otto, R., & Silva, L. (2010). A global comparison of plant invasions on oceanic islands. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 12, 145–161.
Kurashima, N., & Kirch, P. (2011). Geospatial modeling of pre-contact Hawaiian production systems on Molokaʻi Island, Hawaiian Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, 3662–3674.
Ladefoged, T. N., & Graves, M. W. (2008). Variable development of dryland agriculture in Hawaiʻi: A fine-grained chronology from the Kohala field system, Hawaiʻi Island. Current Anthropology, 49, 771–802.
Landfire. (2019a). Biophysical Settings Layer. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 9, 2019, from https://www.landfire.gov/evt.php
Landfire. (2019b). Existing Vegetation Type. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 9, 2019, from https://www.landfire.gov/evt.php
Leuschner, C., & Schulte, M. (1991). Microclimatological investigations in the tropical alpine scrub of Maui, Hawaiʻi: Evidence for a drought-induced alpine timberline. Pacific Science, 45, 152–168.
Lincoln, N., & Ladefoged, T. (2014). Agroecology of pre-contact Hawaiian dryland farming: The spatial extent, yield and social impact of Hawaiian breadfruit groves in Kona, Hawaiʻi. Journal of Archaeological Science, 49, 192–202.
Maclennan, C. (2007). An introduction to WAI: Indigenous water, industrial water in Hawaiʻi. Organization and Environment, 20, 497–505.
Margriter, S. C., Bruland, G. L., Kudray, G. M., & Lepczyk, C. A. (2014). Using indicators of land-use development intensity to assess the condition of coastal wetlands in Hawaiʻi. Landscape Ecology, 29, 517–528.
Miller, T. L., & Fletcher, C. H. (2003). Waikiki: Historical analysis of an engineered shoreline. Journal of Coastal Research, 19, 1026–1043.
Morales, R. M., Miura, T., & Idol, T. (2008). An assessment of Hawaiian dry forest condition with fine resolution remote sensing. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2524–2532.
National Park Service. (2019). Haleakala National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved September 2, 2019, from https://www.nps.gov/hale/index.htm
NOAA Office for Coastal Management. (2018). C-CAP land cover atlas. Coastal change analysis program (C-CAP) high-resolution land cover. NOAA Office for Coastal Management, Charleston. Retrieved November, 19, 2018, from https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/lca.html
Pelling, M., & Uitto, J. I. (2001). Small island developing states: Natural disaster vulnerability and global change. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 3, 49–62.
Perroy, R. L., Melrose, J., & Cares, S. (2016). The evolving agricultural landscape of post-plantation Hawai‘i. Applied Geography, 76, 154–162.
Ponette-Gonzalez, A. G., Marin-Spiotta, E., Brauman, K. A., Farley, K. A., Weathers, K. C., & Young, K. R. (2014). Hydrologic connectivity in the high-elevation tropics: Heterogeneous responses to land change. Bioscience, 64, 92–104.
Rhodes, D. (2001). Changes in the sandalwood trade of Hawaiʻi. US National Park Service. Retrieved from https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kona/history5e.htm
Rollins, M. G. (2009). LANDFIRE: A nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 18, 235–249.
Scott, J. M., Davis, F., Csuti, B., Noss, R., Butterfield, B., Groves, C., … Wright, R. G. (1993). Gap analysis: A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs, 123, 3–41.
Spatz, D. R., Newton, K. M., Heinz, R., Tershy, B., Holmes, N. D., Butchart, S. H. M., & Croll, D. A. (2014). The biogeography of globally threatened seabirds and island conservation opportunities. Conservation Biology, 28, 1282–1290.
Stauffer, R. H. (2004). Kahana: How the land was lost. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
Suryanata, K. (2002). Diversified agriculture, land use, and agrofood networks in Hawaiʻi. Economic Geography, 78, 71–86.
Tanji, M. (2016). Operations winding down at HC&S. The Maui News, Wailuku.
US Census Bureau. (2010). Census 2010. US Census Bureau, Washington. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/2010census/
Walsh, S. J., Brewington, L., Shao, Y., Laso, F., Bilsborrow, R. E., Nazario, J. A., … Pizzitutti, F. (this volume). Social-ecological drivers of land cover/land use change on islands: A synthesis of the patterns and processes of change. In Land cover and land use change on islands: Social and ecological threats to sustainability. Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brewington, L. (2020). Transitions and Drivers of Land Use/Land Cover Change in Hawaiʻi: A Case Study of Maui. In: Walsh, S.J., Riveros-Iregui, D., Arce-Nazario, J., Page, P.H. (eds) Land Cover and Land Use Change on Islands. Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43973-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43973-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-43972-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-43973-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)