Abstract
In this study, three different types of Savonius rotors viz. Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (SHKT), modified Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (MSHKT) and helical Savonius hydrokinetic turbine (HSHKT) are compared based on the performance. The analysis is done experimentally as well as numerically, where experimental domain ceases. Performance of rotors is also evaluated with and without applying duct as an augmentation technique in the flow channel. Experimentally, MSHKT and HSHKT produce 2.74% and 9.04% more energy than SHKT for 1 ± 0.2 m/s. Uncertainties in TSR, Cp and Ct of rotor are 3.05%, 4.39% and 5.35% for the experiment. It is found that HSHKT has better performance than others. Whereas, with duct, performance of HSHKT improves 48.08% more energy than SHKT. The insight of the hydrodynamic behavior considering wake formation, flow separation and vortex formation of the stream flow surrounding to the rotor is also explained using velocity contour, velocity vector and pressure plot. Inlet velocity of 1 ± 0.2 m/s increases by 27.5%, 28%, 29%, 32% and 34%, respectively, for duct angle 20°, 23°, 26°, 29° and 32°. Simultaneously, low-pressure zone increases which leads to extend the formation of the vortex far from rotor and helps to generate higher Cp for HSHKT as 28.63%, 16.16%, 43.01%, 50.13% and 82.32%, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- a :
-
Overlap distance (m)
- A :
-
Projected area of the rotor (m2)
- a1,a2, a3…an :
-
Power coefficients of variables
- A c/s :
-
Cross-sectional area of the flow
- AR:
-
Aspect ratio
- D:
-
Rotor diameter (m)
- D C/H :
-
Characteristic diameter (m)
- D o :
-
End plate diameter (m)
- d r :
-
Diameter of the rope (m)
- D s :
-
Shaft diameter (m)
- Fe:
-
Froude number
- g :
-
Acceleration due to gravity (= 9.81 m/s2)
- H :
-
Rotor height (m)
- H W :
-
Height of the flowing water (m)
- N :
-
Number of rotation of rotor per minute (RPM)
- p/q :
-
Blade shape factor
- P rotor :
-
Shaft power (W)
- P wetted :
-
Wetted perimeter of the rotor (m)
- R :
-
Radius of the rotor (m)
- R C/H :
-
Characteristics radius (m)
- Re:
-
Reynolds number
- r p :
-
Radius of the pulley (m)
- t :
-
Blade thickness (t)
- T :
-
Torque (Nm)
- t end :
-
End plate thickness (m)
- T width :
-
Top width of the channel (m)
- u j :
-
Components of velocity in the corresponding direction (m/s)
- ux, uy, uw :
-
Fluctuation of the velocity in the x, y and z-direction respectively (m/s)
- V :
-
Free stream velocity (m/s)
- V 1 :
-
Upstream velocity of the flume (m/s)
- V 2 :
-
Downstream velocity of the flume (m/s)
- W :
-
Width of the channel (m)
- W SS :
-
Tension in slack side (kg)
- W TS :
-
Tension in tight side (kg)
- X1, X2, X3… Xn :
-
Independent sensitive coefficients
- θ :
-
Rotor twist angle
- ρ :
-
Density of the fluid (= 1000 kg/m3)
- ω :
-
Angular velocity of the rotor (rad/s)
- ω1, ω2, ω3…ωn :
-
Uncertainties in the independent variables
References
Akwa JV, da Silva Junior G A, Petry AP (2012) Discussion on the verification of the overlap ratio influence on performance coefficients of a Savonius wind rotor using computational fluid dynamics. Renew Energy 38(1):141–149
Alidadi M, Calisal S (2014) A numerical method for calculation of power output from ducted vertical axis hydro-current turbines. Comput Fluids 105:76–81
Alom N, Saha UK (2018) Four decades of research into the augmentation techniques of Savonius wind turbine rotor. J Energy Res Technol 140(5):050801
Altan BD, Atılgan M (2008) An experimental and numerical study on the improvement of the performance of Savonius wind rotor. Energy Convers Manage 49(12):3425–3432
Behrouzia F, Maimunb A, Ahmeda YM, Nakisaa M (2015) Novel design of vertical axis current turbine for low current speed via finite volume method. J Teknol 74(5):125–128
Bianchini A, Balduzzi F, Bachant P, Ferrara G, Ferrari L (2017) Effectiveness of two-dimensional CFD simulations for Darrieus VAWTs: a combined numerical and experimental assessment. Energy Convers Manage 136:318–328
Birjandi AH, Bibeau EL, Chatoorgoon V, Kumar A (2013) Power measurement of hydrokinetic turbines with free-surface and blockage effect. Ocean Eng 69:9–17
Cuerva A, Sanz-Andrés A (2005) The extended Betz-Lanchester limit. Renew Energy 30(5):783–794
D’Alessandro V, Montelpare S, Ricci R, Secchiaroli A (2010) Unsteady aerodynamics of a Savonius wind rotor: a new computational approach for the simulation of energy performance. Energy 35(8):3349–3363
do Rio DATD, Vaz JRP, Mesquita ALA, Pinho JT, Junior ACPB (2013) Optimum aerodynamic design for wind turbine blade with a Rankine vortex wake. Renew energy 55:296–304
Driss Z, Mlayeh O, Driss D, Maaloul M, Abid MS (2014) Numerical simulation and experimental validation of the turbulent flow around a small incurved Savonius wind rotor. Energy 74:506–517
Elbatran AH, Ahmed YM, Shehata AS (2017) Performance study of ducted nozzle Savonius water turbine, comparison with conventional Savonius turbine. Energy 134:566–584
Frikha S, Driss Z, Ayadi E, Masmoudi Z, Abid MS (2016) Numerical and experimental characterization of multi-stage Savonius rotors. Energy 114:382–404
Gaden DL, Bibeau EL (2010) A numerical investigation into the effect of diffusers on the performance of hydro kinetic turbines using a validated momentum source turbine model. Renew Energy 35(6):1152–1158
Garrett C, Cummins P (2008) Limits to tidal current power. Renew Energy 33(11):2485–2490
Global energy statistical yearbook (2018) https://yearbook.enerdata.net/electricity/world-electricity-production-statistics.html. Accessed 23 Dec 2018
Golecha K, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV (2011) Influence of the deflector plate on the performance of modified Savonius water turbine. Appl Energy 88(9):3207–3217
Golecha K, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV (2012) Performance study of modified Savonius water turbine with two deflector plates. Int J Rotating Mach 2012:679247. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/679247
Gorle JMR, Chatellier L, Pons F, Ba M (2016) Flow and performance analysis of H-Darrieus hydroturbine in a confined flow: a computational and experimental study. J Fluids Struct 66:382–402
Guney MS, Kaygusuz K (2010) Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: a technology status review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(9):2996–3004
Harries T, Kwan A, Brammer J, Falconer R (2016) Physical testing of performance characteristics of a novel drag-driven vertical axis tidal stream turbine; with comparisons to a conventional Savonius. Int J Mar Energy 14:215–228
Hosseini A, Goudarzi N (2018) CFD analysis of a cross-flow turbine for wind and hydrokinetic applications. In: ASME 2018 international mechanical engineering congress and exposition (pp. V06BT08A044-V06BT08A044). American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IEA (2018) International energy agency World Energy Outlook 2018. https://www.iea.org/weo2018/ Accessed 23 Dec 2018
Kailash G, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV (2012) Study on the interaction between two hydrokinetic Savonius turbines. Int J Rotating Mach 2012:581658. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/581658
Kamoji MA, Kedare SB, Prabhu SV (2009) Experimental investigations on single stage modified Savonius rotor. Appl Energy 86(7–8):1064–1073
Kerikous E, Thevenin D (2019) Optimal shape and position of a thick deflector plate in front of a hydraulic Savonius turbine. Energy 189:116157
Khan MJ, Bhuyan G, Iqbal MT, Quaicoe JE (2009) Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems and assessment of horizontal and vertical axis turbines for river and tidal applications: a technology status review. Appl Energy 86(10):1823–1835
Kumar A, Saini RP (2017) Performance analysis of a Savonius hydrokinetic turbine having twisted blades. Renew Energy 108:502–522
Kumar D, Sarkar S (2016a) A review on the technology, performance, design optimization, reliability, techno-economics and environmental impacts of hydrokinetic energy conversion systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:796–813
Kumar D, Sarkar S (2016b) Numerical investigation of hydraulic load and stress induced in Savonius hydrokinetic turbine with the effects of augmentation techniques through fluid-structure interaction analysis. Energy 116:609–618
Kumar D, Sarkar S (2017) Modeling of flow-induced stress on helical Savonius hydrokinetic turbine with the effect of augmentation technique at different operating conditions. Renew Energy 111:740–748
Launder BE, Spalding DB (1983) The numerical computation of turbulent flows. In: Numerical prediction of flow, heat transfer, turbulence and combustion, pp 96–116. Pergamon
Li LJ, Zhou SJ (2017) Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic performance of blade position-variable hydraulic turbine. J Hydrodyn 29(2):314–321
Maldonado RD, Huerta E, Corona JE, Ceh O, Leon-Castillo AI, Gomez-Acosta MP, Mendoza-Andrade E (2014) Design, simulation and construction of a Savonius wind rotor for subsidized houses in Mexico. Energy Procedia 57:691–697
Malipeddi AR, Chatterjee D (2012) Influence of duct geometry on the performance of Darrieus hydroturbine. Renew Energy 43:292–300
Menet JL (2004) A double-step Savonius rotor for local production of electricity: a design study. Renew Energy 29(11):1843–1862
Moffat RJ (1982) Contributions to the theory of single-sample uncertainty analysis. J Fluids Eng 104(2):250–258
Moffat RJ (1988) Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 1(1):3–17
Mohamed MH, Janiga G, Pap E, Thevenin D (2011) Optimal blade shape of a modified Savonius turbine using an obstacle shielding the returning blade. Energy Convers Manage 52(1):236–242
Nag AK, Sarkar S (2018) Modeling of hybrid energy system for futuristic energy demand of an Indian rural area and their optimal and sensitivity analysis. Renew Energy 118:477–488
Patel V, Eldho TI, Prabhu SV (2019) Velocity and performance correction methodology for hydrokinetic turbines experimented with different geometry of the channel. Renew Energy 131:1300–1317
Ponta F, Dutt GS (2000) An improved vertical-axis water-current turbine incorporating a channelling device. Renew Energy 20(2):223–241
Rauh A, Seelert W (1984) The Betz optimum efficiency for windmills. Appl Energy 17(1):15–23
REN21 (2018) Renewable energy policy network for 21st century. http://www.ren21.net. Accessed 23 Dec 2018
Sarma NK, Biswas A, Misra RD (2014) Experimental and computational evaluation of Savonius hydrokinetic turbine for low velocity condition with comparison to Savonius wind turbine at the same input power. Energy Convers Manage 83:88–98
Shimokawa K, Furukawa A, Okuma K, Matsushita D, Watanabe S (2012) Experimental study on simplification of Darrieus-type hydro turbine with inlet nozzle for extra-low head hydropower utilization. Renew Energy 41:376–382
Talukdar PK, Kulkarni V, Saha UK (2018) Field-testing of model helical-bladed hydrokinetic turbines for small-scale power generation. Renew Energy 127:158–167
The World Bank Data (2018) https://data.worldbank.org/. Accessed 23 Dec 2018
Vennell R (2013) Exceeding the Betz limit with tidal turbines. Renew Energy 55:277–285
Vermaak HJ, Kusakana K, Koko SP (2014) Status of micro-hydrokinetic river technology in rural applications: a review of literature. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29:625–633
Wahyudi B, Soeparman S, Hoeijmakers HWM (2015) Optimization design of Savonius diffuser blade with moving deflector for hydrokınetıc cross flow turbıne rotor. Energy Procedia 68:244–253
Yuce MI, Muratoglu A (2015) Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: a technology status review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 43:72–82
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge the authority of IIT (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India for carryout this study. Authors would like to acknowledge Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Govt. of India for funding the Project File No. YSS/2015/001259 to carry out the research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nag, A.K., Sarkar, S. Experimental and numerical study on the performance and flow pattern of different Savonius hydrokinetic turbines with varying duct angle. J. Ocean Eng. Mar. Energy 6, 31–53 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-019-00155-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-019-00155-6