Abstract
The complexity of biologic regulation both within the United States and the European Union is unveiled. As shown in this chapter, the multiple pathways for regulatory approval can appear confusing for biopharmaceuticals and place pressure on the regulatory affairs group within a company, especially in explaining to those in their company why a biologic is treated under one pathway and not another.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
FDA 101: Biological Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm048341.htm
EMA News (15/08/2016): Better Monitoring of Biological Medicines – New Chapter in Guidelines on Good Pharmacoviligence Practices; www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2016/08/news_detail_002590.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
Health Canada: Abbreviations/Definitions; Health Canada website, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/drug-products/applications-submissions/guidance-documents/clinical-trials/abbreviations-definitions.html
FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research History: 100 Year of Biologics Regulation (2002); www.fda.gov/aboutFDA/history/forgshistory/historyoffdascentersandoffices/ucm2017807.htm
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Measles History; CDC website, www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Vaccine Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/default.htm
FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research History: Science and the Regulation of Biological Products Preface (2002); www.fda.gov/aboutfda/history/forgshistory/historyoffdascentersandoffices/ucm2017807.htm
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Fractionated Plasma Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/FractionatedPlasmaProducts/default.htm
FDA: Historical Case Studies of Drug Regulation : Celebrating a Milestone – FDA’s Approval of the First Genetically-Engineered Product (2007); www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/History/ProductRegulation/ucm593465.htm
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) website; www.phrma.org
ICH S6: Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals S6(R1) (June 2011); www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Safety/S6_R1/Step4/S6_R1_Guideline.pdf
Urquhart, L., Market Watch: Top Drugs and Companies By Sales in 2017; Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 17, 232 (April 2018); www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2018.42
FDA Drugs: Biosimilars; FDA website, www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/TherapeuticBiologicApplications/Biosimilars/default.htm
EMA Human Regulatory: Biosimilars; EMA website, www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/general/general_content_001832.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580bb8fda
Health Canada Drugs and Health Products: Biosimilar Biologic Drugs; Health Canada website, www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/biologics-radiopharmaceuticals-genetic-therapies/biosimilar-biologic-drugs.html
WHO Biologicals: Similar Biotherapeutic Products; WHO website, www.who.int/biologicals/biotherapeutics/similar_biotherapeutic_products/en
FDA Drugs – Biosimilar Product Information: FDA-Approved Biosimilar Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/TherapeuticBiologicApplications/Biosimilars/ucm580432.htm
EMA Human Medicines – Find Medicine: European Public Assessment Reports – Browse by Type; EMA website, http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/landing/epar_search.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Cellular and Gene Therapy Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/default.htm
EMA Human Regulatory: Advanced Therapies; EMA website, www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000294.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05800241e0
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Cellular and Gene Therapy Products – Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy Designation; FDA website, www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ucm537670.htm
FDA Vaccines, Blood Products & Biologics: Approved Products – Provenge (Sipuleucel) – FDA Package Insert and Patient Information (2010); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/UCM210031.pdf
EMA European Public Assessment Report: Imlygic (Talimogene Laherparepvec) (2015); www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002771/WC500201082.pdf
Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel) FDA Briefing Document Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting July 12, 2017; www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/OncologicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM566166.pdf
EMA Advanced Therapy Classification: Summaries of Scientific Recommendations on Classification of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products; EMA website, www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000301.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac05800862c0
EMA PRIME – Priority Medicines: A Two-year Overview, EMA/242980/2018; EMA website, www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2018/05/WC500248828.pdf
FDA – Speeches by FDA Officials: Remarks by Commissioner Gottlieb to the Alliance for Regenerative Medicine’s Annual Board Meeting (May 22, 2018); www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Speeches/ucm609579.htm
FDA CFR Code of Federal Regulations: Title 21 Part 312 Investigational New Drug Application; FDA website, www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=312
FDA Code of Federal Regulations: Title 21 Part 314 Applications for FDA Approval to Market a New Drug; www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=314
FDA Draft Guidance for Industry: Determining Whether to Submit an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) Application (October 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM579751.pdf
FDA Drug Safety and Availability: Generic Enoxaparin Questions and Answers; www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm220037.htm
FDA Code of Federal Regulations: Title 21 Part 600–680 Subchapter F – Biologics; eCFR website, www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e9030f5ed5963eb10787bbc88fcd8d28&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title21/21cfrv7_02.tpl#0
United States Congress 262: Regulation of Biological Products (June 2018); uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:42%20section:262%20edition:prelim)
FDA Guidance For Industry Biosimilars: Questions and Answers Regarding Implementation of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (April 2015); www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM273001.pdf
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), April 16, 2012, Written Response to Docket No. FDA-2011-D-0602: Draft Guidance for Industry on Quality Considerations in Demonstrating Biosimilarity to a Reference Protein Product; 77 Fed. Reg. 8884 (Feb. 15, 2012); www.pharmamedtechbi.com/~/media/Supporting%20Documents/The%20Pink%20Sheet/74/17/PhRMAqualityconsiderations.pdf
FDA Drug Databases: Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products; FDA website, www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm
FDA Drug Databases: Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab Oxogamicin) – Market Approval Letter (2017); www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm
FDA Guidance for Industry (Draft): Implementation of the “Deemed to be a License” Provision of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (March 2016); www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM490264.pdf
US Federal Register Vol 77 Docket No. FDA-2012-N-0080 Amendments to Sterility Test Requirements For Biological Products, Effective June 04, 2012, pp 26162–26175 (May 03, 2012); www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/05/03/2012-10649/amendments-to-sterility-test-requirements-for-biological-products
US Federal Register Vol 80 Docket No. FDA-2015-N-1110 Revocation of General Safety Regulations That Are Duplicative of Requirements in Biologics License Applications, Effective August 03, 2015, pp 37971–37974 (July 02, 2015); www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/07/02/2015-16366/revocation-of-general-safety-test-regulations-that-are-duplicative-of-requirements-in-biologics
FDA CFR Code of Federal Regulations: Title 21, Part 610.14 Identity; www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol7-part610.pdf
FDA Drug Databases: Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Trogarzo (Ibalizumab-uiyk) – Approval History, Letters, Reviews and Related Documents – Administrative and Correspondence Documents – Meeting Minutes Mid-Cycle Communication (August 18, 2017); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/761065Orig1s000AdminCorres.pdf
FDA Celltrion Establishment Inspection Report (June 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/CDERFOIAElectronicReadingRoom/UCM603271.pdf
FDA Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs – Part 610.2 Request For Samples and Protocols, Official Release; www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=610.2
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Influenza Virus Vaccine Composition and Lot Release; FDA website, www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Post-MarketActivities/LotReleases/ucm062928.htm
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Shingrix (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted) – Approval Letter (October 20, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM581750.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Bexsero (Meningococcal Group B Vaccine) – Approval Letter (January 23, 2015); www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm431446.htm
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Fibryna (Human Fibrinogen) – Approval Letter (June 07, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/FractionatedPlasmaProducts/UCM562369.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Heplisav-B (Hepatitis B Vaccine, Recombinant, Adjuvanted) – Approval Letter (November 09, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM584820.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Rebinyn (Coagulation Factor IX, Recombinant, GlycoPEGylated – Approval Letter (May 31, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/BloodBloodProducts/ApprovedProducts/LicensedProductsBLAs/FractionatedPlasmaProducts/UCM561415.pdf
US Federal Register Vol 60 Docket No. FDA-95 N–0371 Interim Definition and Elimination of Lot-by-Lot Release for Well-Characterized Therapeutic Recombinant DNA-Derived and Monoclonal Antibody Biotechnology Products (December 08, 1995); www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-12-08/pdf/95-29960.pdf
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs – Part 601.2 Applications for Biologics Licenses; www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title21-vol7/pdf/CFR-2011-title21-vol7-part601.pdf
FDA Drugs Database: Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Fulphila (Pegfilgrastim-jmdb) – Approval Letter (June 04, 2018); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2018/761075Orig1s000Ltr.pdf
FDA Drugs Database: Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Crysvita (Burosumab-twza) – Approval Letter (April 17, 2018); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2018/761068Orig1s000ltr.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Imlygic (Talimogene Laherparepvec) – Approval Letter (October 27, 2015); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/UCM469670.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Luxturna (Voretigene Neparvovec-rzyl) – Approval Letter (December 19, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/UCM589690.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel) – Approval Letter (August 30, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/UCM574106.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Approved Products – Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) – Approval Letter (October 18, 2017); www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/UCM581259.pdf
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs – Part 600.14 Reporting of Biological Product Deviations By Licensed Manufacturers; www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=600.14
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs – Part 314.81 Other Postmarketing Reports; www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=314.81
FDA Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations – Regulatory Procedures Manual: Injunctions; FDA website, www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/RegulatoryProceduresManual/ucm176734.htm
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Food and Drugs – Part 601.6 Suspension of License; www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=601.6
FDA Frequently Asked Questions About Therapeutic Biological Products; FDA website, www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/HowDrugsareDevelopedandApproved/ApprovalApplications/TherapeuticBiologicApplications/ucm113522.htm
FDA Transfer of Therapeutic Products to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; FDA website, www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CBER/ucm133463.htm
FDA Warning Letter Issued to Amgen (January 27, 2014); FDA Warning Letters website, www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm385288.htm
FDA Search for FDA Guidance Documents: Combination Products Guidance Documents; FDA website, www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm122047.htm
EC Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and Council, Concerning Community Code Relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use; ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-1/dir_2001_83_cons2009/2001_83_cons2009_en.pdf
EC Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and Council, Concerning Implementation of Good Clinical Practice in the Conduct of Clinical Trials on Medicinal Products for Human Use; ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-1/dir_2001_20/dir_2001_20_en.pdf
EC Detailed Guidance for the Request of Authorisation of a Clinical Trial on a Medicinal Product for Human Use to the Competent Authorities, Notification of Substantial Amendments and Declaration of the End of the Trial (March 2010); ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-10/2010_c82_01/2010_c82_01_en.pdf
Heads of Medicines Agencies: Clinical Trials Facilitation Group – Guidance Document for a Voluntary Harmonisation Procedure (VHP) For the Assessment of Multinational Clinical Trial Applications, Version 2 (March 2010); http://www.hma.eu/fileadmin/dateien/Human_Medicines/01-About_HMA/Working_Groups/CTFG/2010_03_VHP_Guidance_v2.pdf
EC Medicinal Products – Clinical Trials: Regulation 536/2014; ec.europa.eu/health/human-use/clinical-trials/regulation_en
EC Medicinal Products – Authorisation and Supervision of Medicinal Products: Regulation 726/2004; ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol-1/reg_2004_726/reg_2004_726_en.pdf
FDA Drugs Database: Search Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Crysvita (Burosumab-twza) – Approval Letter (April 17, 2018); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2018/761068Orig1s000ltr.pdf
FDA Vaccines, Blood and Biologics – Approved Products: Afluria (Influenze Virus Vaccine) – Approval Letter (September 28, 2007); wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170723030201/https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm177457.htm
ICH Members and Observers (November 2018); www.ICH.org/about/members-observers.html
FDA Drugs Database: Search Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Trogarzo (Ibalizumab-uiyk) – Approval Letter (March 6, 2018); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2018/761065Orig1s000ltr.pdf
EMA European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Grastofil (Recombinant Human Filgrastim) Biosimilar (July 2013); www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002150/WC500154066.pdf
FDA Drugs Database: Search Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Ogivri (Trastuzumab-dkst) Biosimilar – Approval Letter (December 1, 2017); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2017/761074Orig1s000ltr.pdf
EMA European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): Inflectra (Infliximab) Biosimilar (June 2013); www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/002778/WC500151490.pdf
FDA Drugs Database: Search Drugs@FDA – FDA Approved Drug Products – Inflectra (Infliximab-dyyb) Biosimilar – Approval Letter (April 5, 2016); www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2016/125544Orig1s000ltr.pdf
Samsung BioLogics website: www.samsungbiologics.com/front/eng/main.do
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geigert, J. (2019). Complexity of Biologics CMC Regulation. In: The Challenge of CMC Regulatory Compliance for Biopharmaceuticals . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13754-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13754-0_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13753-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13754-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)