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Complexity Challenges in Development of Cyber-Physical Systems

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Principles of Modeling

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 10760))

Abstract

In embarking towards Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) with unprecedented capabilities it becomes essential to improve our understanding of CPS complexity and how we can deal with it. We investigate facets of CPS complexity and the limitations of Collaborating Information Processing Systems (CIPS) in dealing with those facets. By CIPS we refer to teams of humans and computer-aided engineering systems that are used to develop CPS. Furthermore, we specifically analyze characteristic differences among software and physical parts within CPS. The analysis indicates that it will no longer be possible to rely only on architectures and skilled people, or process and model/tool centered approaches. The tight integration of heterogeneous physical, cyber, CPS components, aspects and systems, results in a situation with interfaces and interrelations everywhere, each requiring explicit consideration. The role of model-based and computer aided engineering will become even more essential, and design methodologies will need to deeply consider interwoven systems and software aspects, including the hidden costs of software.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Other terms for “environment” include, for example, “wider system of interest”, see e.g. Lawson (2015), or domain specific terms such as operational design domain, J3016 (2016).

  2. 2.

    The context further includes other organizations and stakeholders, e.g. related to insurances, certification, legislation and standards; this context is only indirectly considered in the paper.

  3. 3.

    With (ii), the question posed was as follows: “The project frequently found itself in a fog of conflicting data and cognitive overload - Do you agree with this statement?”.

  4. 4.

    Such DSMs are often referred to as team-based and activity-based, e.g. (Eppinger and Browning 2012).

  5. 5.

    The number of bugs is only used here to illustrate the complexity; not all bugs are equally important.

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Acknowledgements

Feedback and insights from Erik Herzog (SAAB), Martin Nilsson (RISE) and Tor Ericson (ÅF) are greatly acknowledged. We also acknowledge valuable feedback from the anonymous reviewers. This work has been partially supported by the European Commission H2020 projects Platforms4CPS and CPSE-Labs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden

    Martin Törngren & Ulf Sellgren

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  1. Martin Törngren
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  2. Ulf Sellgren
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Correspondence to Martin Törngren .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    Marten Lohstroh

  2. National Instruments, Berkeley, California, USA

    Patricia Derler

  3. Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden, Reykjavík University, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Marjan Sirjani

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Törngren, M., Sellgren, U. (2018). Complexity Challenges in Development of Cyber-Physical Systems. In: Lohstroh, M., Derler, P., Sirjani, M. (eds) Principles of Modeling. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10760. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95246-8_27

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