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Evaluation of the cognitive behavioral smoking reduction program “Smoke_less”: a randomized controlled trial

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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The vast majority of smokers are unable or unwilling to quit, but many are open to reducing smoking. No treatment options exist for these smokers besides medication-based therapies. Thus, this study investigated the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) smoking reduction program, Smoke_less. A sample of 155 outpatient smokers aged 18–70 years was recruited at the Tobacco Dependence Outpatient Clinic of the Medical Center of the University of Munich, Germany, and randomly assigned to the experimental group (Smoke_less: four weekly CBT group sessions and two telephone calls over 5 weeks, n = 51), active comparator group (one 15-minute counseling session, n = 49), or waiting control group (no intervention during the study, n = 55). The primary endpoint was a ≥50% smoking reduction in the intention-to-treat group 1 week and 6 months after the intervention. We evaluated also abstinence rates at follow-up. Significantly more participants in the Smoke_less group had reduced smoking ≥50% compared to the waiting group at 1 week [OR 7.59 (2.59–22.19)] and 6 months [OR 5.00 (1.68–14.84)] and compared to the active comparison group at 1 week [OR 8.58 (2.67–27.31)] but not at 6 months [OR 1.73 (0.71–4.20)]. We found no significant effects on abstinence rates. The CBT smoking reduction program Smoke_less is effective for smoking reduction but is superior to brief counseling only in the short term. Further research is required to improve its efficacy in long-term smoking reduction to provide a valid, non-medication-based alternative to smokers unable or unwilling to quit.

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Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02337400.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Jacquie Klesing, Board-certified Editor in the Life Sciences (ELS), for editing assistance with the manuscript and Melanie Düerkop, and Marija Miros, (Tobacco Dependence Outpatient Clinic of the Medical Center of the University of Munich) for their help during the recruitment phase of the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center of the University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Tobias Rüther, Alexa Kiss, Kerstin Eberhardt, Andrea Linhardt & Oliver Pogarell

  2. IFT Gesundheitsförderung Gesellschaft mbH, Montsalvatstrasse 14, 80804, Munich, Germany

    Christoph Kröger

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  1. Tobias Rüther
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  2. Alexa Kiss
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Correspondence to Tobias Rüther.

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Conflict of interest

T Rüther has been a consultant for, received grant/research support and honoraria from and been a speaker for or on the advisory board of Johnson & Johnson, and Pfizer. O. Pogarell has been on the advisory board of Lundbeck and received speaker’s honoraria from Lundbeck, Desitin, and Otsuka. A. Kiss, K. Eberhardt, A. Linhardt and C. Kröger declare no conflicts of interest.

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Rüther, T., Kiss, A., Eberhardt, K. et al. Evaluation of the cognitive behavioral smoking reduction program “Smoke_less”: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 268, 269–277 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-017-0818-6

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