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Quality of tube well water intended for irrigation and human consumption with special emphasis on arsenic contamination at the area of Punjab, Pakistan

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Abstract

In the present study, the tube well water quality and the associated health risks, emphasizing on arsenic contamination, were investigated in rural and urban samples from Tehsil Mailsi located in Punjab, Pakistan. Arsenic concentrations (μg/L) were ranged from 12 to 448.5 and which exceeded the WHO recommended limit (10 μg/L) in all cases. The calculated average daily dose (3.3 × 10−0.4 to 1.2 × 10−0.2 mg/kg day) and hazard quotient (1.1–40) reflected the potential health risk to local population due to tube well water consumption as drinking purpose. Sodium percent (Na%), sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, Kelly’s index and magnesium absorption ratio were also determined to assess the suitability of tube well water for irrigation purpose. The resulting piper plot revealed the Na–Ca–HCO3 type water chemistry of the area and generally alkaline environment. The spatial distribution of arsenic in the tube well waters pinpoints the significant contribution of anthropogenic activities to arsenic pollution. Nevertheless, different statistical tools, including principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and correlation matrices, revealed the contribution of both natural and anthropogenic activities and alkaline type of aquifers toward the high level of arsenic contamination.

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Acknowledgments

We are highly thankful to Geological Survey of Pakistan and Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for technical support and research facilities, respectively. We are also thankful to Dr. Sajid Masood, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, for technical review of the manuscript. We wish to thank people of Tehsil Mailsi visited, for their cooperation at the time of sampling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Atta Rasool, Tangfu Xiao & Yizhang Liu

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Atta Rasool

  3. Environmental Hydro-geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Abida Farooqi

  4. Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shafeeque

  5. State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China

    Muhammad Aqeel Kamran

  6. Laboratory of General and Inorganic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloníki, Greece

    Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis

  7. Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, Institute of Information Technology, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani

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Rasool, A., Xiao, T., Farooqi, A. et al. Quality of tube well water intended for irrigation and human consumption with special emphasis on arsenic contamination at the area of Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 39, 847–863 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9855-8

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