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Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review

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Abstract

The environment which living organisms inhabit is not constant and many factors, such as light, temperature, and food availability, display cyclic and predictable variations. To adapt to these cyclic changes, animals present biological rhythms in many of their physiological variables, timing their functions to occur when the possibility of success is greatest. Among these variables, many endocrine factors have been described as displaying rhythms in vertebrates. The aim of the present review is to provide a thorough review of the existing knowledge on the rhythms of the endocrine system of fish by examining the hormones that show rhythmicity, how environmental factors control these rhythms and the variation in the responses of the endocrine system depending on the time of the day. We mainly focused on the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, which can be considered as the master axis of the endocrine system of vertebrates and regulates a great variety of functions, including reproduction, growth, metabolism, energy homeostasis, stress response, and osmoregulation. In addition, the rhythms of other hormones, such as melatonin and the factors, produced in the gastrointestinal system of fish are reviewed.

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Abbreviations

11-KT:

11-Ketotestosterone

AANAT:

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

AL:

Ad libitum

AMH:

Antimüllerian hormone

BPG:

Brain–pituitary–gonad

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

CRH:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

CT:

Circadian time

Cyp19a1a:

Ovarian aromatase

DD:

Constant darkness

Dio2:

Type 2 thyroid hormone deiodinase

FEO:

Food entrainable oscillator

FSH:

Follicle stimulating hormone

GH:

Growth hormone

GHR:

Growth hormone receptor

GHRH:

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

GHS-R:

Ghrelin receptor

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

GnIH:

Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GnRHa:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists

GSUα:

Glycoprotein α subunit

HIOMT:

Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase

HP:

Hypothalamic–pituitary

HPA:

Hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal

HPG:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad

HPI:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal

HPT:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

LD:

Light–dark

LepR:

Leptin receptor

LH:

Luteinising hormone

LL:

Constant light

MD:

Mid-dark

ML:

Mid-light

NUCB-1:

Nucleobindin-1

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

POMC:

Proopiomelanocortin

PSS:

Pre-pro-somatostatin

RF:

Restricted feeding

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

T3 :

3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine

T4 :

Thyroxine

THs:

Thyroid hormones

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

Thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone

ZT:

Zeitgeber time

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (AGL2013-49027-C3-2-R) and funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) granted to MC (Grant Agreement No. 331964) and by a project granted by the Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia (Fundación Séneca) (18963/JLI/13) and a research contract granted by MINECO (Juan de la Cierva Program) to JFLO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Cádiz, Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 11510, Puerto Real, Spain

    Mairi Cowan

  2. INMAR-CACYTMAR Research Institutes, Puerto Real University Campus, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain

    Mairi Cowan

  3. Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Health, European University of Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain

    Clara Azpeleta

  4. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain

    Jose Fernando López-Olmeda

Authors
  1. Mairi Cowan
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  2. Clara Azpeleta
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  3. Jose Fernando López-Olmeda
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jose Fernando López-Olmeda.

Additional information

Communicated by I.D. Hume.

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Cowan, M., Azpeleta, C. & López-Olmeda, J.F. Rhythms in the endocrine system of fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 187, 1057–1089 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-017-1094-5

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