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Neuronal Oscillations and Reactivation Subserving Memory Consolidation

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Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation

Abstract

Newly acquired memories are initially hippocampus-dependent and need to undergo a process of active system consolidation, during which they are redistributed to neocortical sites for long-term storage. This process is thought to take place during phases of quiet wakefulness and non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep and is presumably based on the repeated reactivation of memory engrams (patterns of hippocampo-neocortical connections) which gradually drives the establishment of respective direct cortico-cortical connections. During NREM sleep (and similarly during quiet wakefulness), control via brainstem neuromodulatory systems (in particular the cholinergic one) enables a specific kind of oscillatory activity in the thalamo-neocortico-hippocampal system that facilitates memory reactivation. NREM oscillatory activity is characterized by the neocortical slow oscillation (SO; <1 Hz), the thalamic sleep spindle (~12–15 Hz) and the hippocampal ripple (>80 Hz). The intricate interaction of SOs, spindles and ripples constitutes a set of hierarchically nested oscillations, which provides the fine-tuned temporal and spatial structure that is required to orchestrate the reactivation of memory traces and the information flow between hippocampus and neocortex. In this chapter we (i) provide a conceptual introduction to system memory consolidation, (ii) describe the neuronal mechanisms thought to underlie the generation of and interaction between SOs, spindles and ripples, (iii) discuss how these oscillations presumably mediate memory reactivation and hippocampo-neocortical cross-talk, and (iv) outline new promising approaches to directly study the ongoing reactivation of memory representations in humans.

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Acknowledgements

T.O.B. was supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), via TR-SFB 654 (“Plasticity and Sleep”), and by the Hertie Foundation (Gemeinnützige Hertie-Stiftung), via the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research. B.P.S. was supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship to B.P.S. jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (107672/Z/15/Z).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Til Ole Bergmann

  2. Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

    Til Ole Bergmann

  3. School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Bernhard P. Staresina

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Correspondence to Til Ole Bergmann or Bernhard P. Staresina .

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  1. Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

    Nikolai Axmacher

  2. University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

    Björn Rasch

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Bergmann, T.O., Staresina, B.P. (2017). Neuronal Oscillations and Reactivation Subserving Memory Consolidation. In: Axmacher, N., Rasch, B. (eds) Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory Consolidation. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_12

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