Skip to main content

Three-Dimensional Modeling of VCSELs

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
VCSELs

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Optical Sciences ((SSOS,volume 166))

Abstract

VCSELs are complicated objects, also from a modeling point of view. In fact the computation of statical and dynamical operation implies the interaction of different physical phenomena: electrical, thermal and optical. All are stronglycoupled and rule device operation. In this chapter the relevant effects and corresponding mutual interactions will be reviewed and possible ways to numerically address them discussed. Particular attention will be devoted to the optical solver, which is the core of any VCSEL simulation tool. In fact the optical characteristics determine the final device performance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. J.W. Scott, R.S. Geels, S.W. Corzine, L.A. Coldren, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29, 1295 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Valle, J. Sarma, K.A. Shore, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 31, 1423 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. G.R. Hadley, K.L. Lear, M.E. Warren, K.D. Choquette, J.W. Scott, S.W. Corzine, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 607 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. Klein, L.F. Register, M. Grupen, K. Hess, Opt. Express 2, 163 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. P.V. Mena, J.J. Morikuni, S.M. Kang, A.V. Harton, K.W. Wyatt, J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 2612 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Mulet, S. Balle, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 291 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Streiff, A. Witzig, M. Pfeiffer, P. Royo, W. Fichtner, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 9, 879 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M.X. Jungo, D. Erni, W. Bächtold, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 9, 939 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. P.R. Sarzala, P. Mendla, M. Wasiak, P. Mackowiak, M. Bugajski, W. Nakwaski, Opt. Quantum Electron. 36, 331 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Gustavsson, A. Haglund, J. Bengtsson, P. Modh, A. Larsson, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 40, 607 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Debernardi, G.P. Bava, C. Degen, I. Fischer, W. Elsäßer, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 73 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. F. Monti di Sopra, M. Brunner, H.P. Gauggel, H.P. Zappe, M. Moser, R. Hövel, E. Kapon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2283 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. P. Debernardi, G.P. Bava, F. Monti di Sopra, M.B. Willemsen, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39, 109 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. H.J. Unold, M.C. Riedl, R. Michalzik, K.J. Ebeling, Electron. Lett. 38, 77 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. P. Debernardi, J.M. Ostermann, M. Feneberg, C. Jalics, R. Michalzik, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 11, 107 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Nyakas, G. Varga, Z. Puskás, N. Hashizume, T. Kárpáti, T. Veszprémi, G. Zsombok, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23, 1761 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. P. Debernardi, A. Kroner, F. Rinaldi, R. Michalzik, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 15, 828 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Noble, J. Lott, J. Loehr, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 2327 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. P. Nyakas, J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 2427 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. G.R. Hadley, K.L. Lear, M.E. Warren, K.D. Choquette, J.W. Scott, S.W. Corzine, Opt. Lett. 20, 1483 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. P. Bienstman, R.G. Baets, Optoelectronics, IEE Proc. 149, 161 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D. Burak, R. Binder, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 1205 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. J.F.P. Seurin, S.L. Chuang, IEE-Proc-Optoelectron 149, 174 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G.P. Bava, P. Debernardi, L. Fratta, Phys. Rev. A 63, 023816 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. P. Debernardi, J.M. Ostermann, M. Sondermann, T. Ackemann, G.P. Bava, R. Michalzik, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. 13(5), 1340 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. P. Debernardi, G.P. Bava, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 188, 967 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. E. Ahlers, S.F. Helfert, R. Pregla, in Techn. Digest Integrated Photonics Research Conf. (IPR 1996), paper ITuE5, pp. 340–343 (Boston, USA, Apr. 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  28. B. Klein, L.F. Register, K. Hess, D.G. Deppe, Q. Deng, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 3324 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. P. Bienstman, R. Baets, J.A. Vukušić, A. Larsson, M.J. Noble, M. Brunner, K. Gulden, P. Debernardi, L. Fratta, G.P. Bava, H. Wenzel, O. Conradi, R. Pregla, J.F.P. Seurin, S.L. Chuang, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37, 1618 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. D.W. Winston, R.E. Hayes, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 34, 707 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. F. Prati, D. Vecchione, G. Vendramin, Opt. Lett. 22, 1633 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. L. Fratta, P. Debernardi, G.P. Bava, C. Degen, J. Kaiser, I. Fischer, W. Elsäßer, Phys. Rev. A 64, 031803(R) (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. P. Debernardi, B. Kogel, K. Zogal, P. Meissner, M. Maute, M. Ortsiefer, G. Bohm, M.C. Amann, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(4), 391 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. P. Debernardi, G.P. Bava, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum. Electron. 9, 905 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. C.J. Chang-Hasnain, J.P. Harbison, G. Hasnain, A.C.V. Lehmen, L.T. Florez, N.G. Stoffel, IEEE Quantum Electron. 27, 1402 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. M.P. van Exter, A.K. Jansenvan Doorn, J.P. Woerdman, Phys. Rev. A 56, 845 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Tsigopoulos, V. Paschos, C. Caroubalos, P. Salet, J. Jacquet, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33, 2221 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. A.A. Leal, M. Osinski, E. Conforti, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 46, 208 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. J.S. Gustavsson, J.A. Vukušić, J. Bengtsson, A. Larsson, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 38, 203 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. W. Nakwaski, M. Osinski, in Progress in optics XXXVIII, chap. III, ed. by E. Wolf (Elsevier Science, BV, 1998), pp. 165–262

    Google Scholar 

  41. Y.G. Zhao, J.G. McInerney, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 9, 1668 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. P. Debernardi, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45, 979 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Farzaneh, R. Amatya, D. Luerszen, K.J. Greenberg, W.E. Rockwell, J.A. Hudgings, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 601 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. S.F. Yu, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 1168 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Haug, S.W. Koch, Quantum Theory of the Optical Properties of Semiconductors (World Scientific, 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  46. P. Debernardi, A. Pisoni, G.P. Bava, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 93 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. H.C. Casey, M.B. Panish, Heterostructure Lasers (Academic Press, New York, 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  48. P.A. Andrekson, R.F. Kazarinov, N.A. Olsson, T. Tanbun-Ek, R.A. Logan, IEEE Quantum Electron. 30(2), 219 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. G.P. Bava, P. Debernardi, L. Fratta, JOSA B 16, 2147 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. E.P. O’Reilly, A.R. Adams, IEEE Quantum Electron. 30, 366 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. T.H. Gfroerer, L.P. Priestley, M.F. Fairley, M.W. Wanlass, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 1738 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. J.A. Vukušić, H. Martinsson, J.S. Gustavsson, A. Larsson, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37, 108 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. C. Degen, I. Fischer, W. Elsäßer, Opt. Express 5, 38 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. A. Kroner, F. Rinaldi, J.M. Ostermann, R. Michalzik, Optics Commun. 270, 332 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. G.P. Bava, P. Debernardi, IEE-J Optoelectron. 145, 37 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. G. van der Sande, J. Danckaert, I. Veretennicoff, T. Erneux, Phys. Rev. A 67(1), 013809 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  57. M. San Miguel, Q. Feng, J.V. Moloney, Phys. Rev. A 52, 1728 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. J. Dellunde, M.C. Torrent, J.M. Sancho, K.A. Shore, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 33(7), 1197 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Abramowitz, I.A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions (Dover Publications, Inc., 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  60. H. Martinsson, J.A. Vukušić, M. Grabherr, R. Michalzik, R. Jäger, K.J. Ebeling, A. Larsson, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 11, 1536 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. P. Debernardi, H.J. Unold, J. Maehnss, R. Michalzik, G.P. Bava, K.J. Ebeling, IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum. Electron. 9, 1394 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pierluigi Debernardi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Debernardi, P. (2013). Three-Dimensional Modeling of VCSELs. In: Michalzik, R. (eds) VCSELs. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 166. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24986-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24986-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-24985-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-24986-0

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics