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Antikonvulsive Pharmakotherapie Jugendlicher und Erwachsener

State of the Art

Anticonvulsant drug therapy of adolescents and adults

State of the art

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Zusammenfassung

Trotz der Einführung und Verbesserung v. a. der Epilepsiechirurgie, aber auch anderer Therapiemöglichkeiten wie ketogener Diät oder Stimulationsverfahren, ist und bleibt die medikamentöse Behandlung die Standardtherapie bei weitaus den meisten Epilepsiepatienten. Dabei hat sich durch die Generation neuerer Antikonvulsiva seit 1992 allerdings nicht wirklich nennenswert häufiger dauerhafte und verlässliche Anfallsfreiheit erreichen lassen, die das 1. Ziel einer Epilepsiebehandlung sein muss. Allerdings erlauben einige neue Antikonvulsiva aufgrund ihrer günstigen pharmakologischen Charakteristika potenziell störwirkungsärmere Langzeitbehandlungen, die sie aufgrund des regelhaften Aspekts der chronischen Pharmakotherapie und im Hinblick auf Komorbiditäten, die es akut oder im Verlauf medikamentös zu adressieren gilt, vorteilhafter erscheinen lassen. So ist es in erster Linie also der Verträglichkeitsvorteil, der in den aktuell neu aufgelegten Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) erneut Lamotrigin (LTG) und Levetiracetam (LEV) als erstrangig bei fokaler Epileptogenese benennen lässt. Je nach individueller Bedürfnislage können aber natürlich prinzipiell alle zugelassenen Antikonvulsiva auch frühzeitig eingesetzt werden. Bei generalisierten Epilepsien des Erwachsenen bleibt Valproinsäure (VPA) das Medikament der 1. Wahl; in besonderen individuellen Sachlagen kann LTG der Vorzug gegeben werden. De facto schätzen viele Experten LEV trotz seines „Off-label“-Status und setzen es ein, obwohl es nur zur Kombination bei juveniler myoklonischer Epilepsie zugelassen ist. Denn die Monomedikation ist bei Ersttherapie und generell zu bevorzugen, da sie nach wie vor am praktikabelsten und hinsichtlich Wirksamkeit sowie Verträglichkeit am besten zu beurteilen ist. Scheitert sie trotz richtiger Diagnose und Klassifikation, wird die alternative Monotherapie angestrebt. Hierbei sollte die Tatsache, dass gemäß einigen Publikationen durchaus auch gut verträgliche Kombinationen zu zuvor nichterreichter Langzeitanfallsfreiheit führen, die unbedingte Notwendigkeit der Verwirklichung der Monotherapie etwas differenzierter betrachten lassen, als dies in den Leitlinien formuliert ist. Kombinationen sollten möglichst einfach und hinsichtlich des jeweiligen Einflusses der Kombinationspartner beurteilbar sein. Hohe Wirksamkeit, Interaktionsarmut und gute Verträglichkeit haben LEV klar zur führenden Substanz werden lassen, abgesehen von der supraadditiven Kombination aus VPA und LTG. Ob die zuletzt eingeführten neuen Antiepileptika Lacosamid (LCM), Retigabin (RTG) und Perampanel zu einer rationaleren, mechanismusorientierten Polytherapie zum Nutzen des Patienten führen, muss geprüft und zunächst abgewartet werden. Bis dahin sind bei vergleichbarer Wirksamkeit Interaktionsprofil und Verträglichkeit die wichtigsten Kriterien bei der Auswahl von in Polytherapie eingesetzten Antikonvulsiva. Bei generalisierten Epilepsien einschließlich der im Adoleszentenalter manifest werdenden juvenilen myoklonischen Epilepsie ist über alle Patienten gesehen nach wie vor VPA das erstrangige Antikonvulsivum gefolgt von Topiramat (TPM) und LTG. Analog den Empfehlungen im Kindesalter sind VPA und Ethosuximid (ESM) gleichermaßen Medikamente der 1. Wahl bei Epilepsien mit Absencen. Medikament der 2. Wahl ist LTG. Phenobarbital (PB) und Primidon (PRM) sind Medikamente der 3. Wahl, wenn bilateral konvulsive Anfälle bestehen. In Kombination kann LEV eine sehr sinnvolle Möglichkeit darstellen. Allerdings ist die Monotherapie, also der Standard, mit LEV eine Off-label-Therapie ebenso wie alle Therapien idiopathischer und generalisierter Epilepsien über die juvenile myoklonische Epilepsie hinaus. Trotzdem hat sich gezeigt, dass Epileptologen in Deutschland sich über dieses Problem durch den rationalen und richtigen Einsatz von LEV hinwegsetzen. Ein Absetzen der Antikonvulsiva sollte erst nach mehrjähriger Anfallsfreiheit erwogen werden. Am günstigsten ist die Prognose, wenn der wesentliche auslösende Faktor nicht mehr besteht oder beseitigt werden konnte.

Abstract

In spite of the introduction and improvement especially of epilepsy surgery and also of other treatment options, such as ketogenic diet or neurostimulation, anticonvulsant chronic drug treatment has clearly remained the standard for the vast majority of epilepsy patients. Since 1992 when the first antiepileptic drug (AED) of the newer generation was introduced, a marked increase of seizure freedom among epilepsy patients, which is still the primary goal of treatment, has, however, not been reached. However, some of the new AEDs potentially allow better tolerable long-term treatment due to superior pharmacological characteristics. This might help to address the aspect of chronic AED treatment or comorbidities more efficiently. Hence, tolerability reasons led to a ranking according to the guidelines of the German Neurological Society that recommend lamotrigine and levetiracetam as first-line AEDs in cases of focal epileptogenesis. Special individual needs and considerations may allow and justify other AEDs in certain patients who are labelled for monotherapy. In cases of generalized epileptogenesis in adults valproic acid remains the first-line AED but lamotrigine may be preferred in special circumstances which include aspects such as teratogenicity. Ethosuximide is a first-line AED together with valproic acid followed by lamotrigine. If bilateral convulsive seizures occur primidone and phenobarbital may be considered as third-line AEDs. Several experts prefer levetiracetam although it is labelled only for off-label treatment in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and not as monotherapy. The latter, however, should remain state of the art, as it more practicable and the easiest to assess concerning effectiveness. If treatment fails in spite of a correct diagnosis and classification an alternative monotherapy should be considered although a variety of publications have indicated that in the era of new AEDs combinations may be necessary to achieve sustained freedom of seizures. Thus the necessity to obtain alternative monotherapies should probably be expressed less dogmatically than currently published in the guidelines. Combinations should be as simple as possible and be comprehensible concerning the individual impact of the combination partners. High efficacy, lack of interactions and good tolerability have made levetiracetam to the most important add-on drug beyond the well-established and supra-additive combination of valproic acid and lamotrigine. Further investigations must be carried out on whether the latest new AEDs lacosamide, retigabine and perampanel all offer new modes of action with benefits for patients and opening the door to a more rational polytherapy in epilepsy treatment. Currently similar efficacy suggests that the risk of clinically relevant interactions and tolerability is the most important factor when choosing the appropriate add-on drug. Discontinuation may be considered only after freedom of seizures for many years and the prognosis is most favorable when the major causative factor no longer exists or has been eliminated.

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Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin. Der Autor gibt Vortrags- oder Beratungstätigkeiten für folgende Firmen an: Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH, UCB Pharma GmbH, Eisai GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline GmbH & Co. KG. Der Beitrag wurde selbstständig und ohne jede Einflussnahme von außen durch den Autor erstellt. Die Beurteilungen oder Empfehlungen einzelner Arzneimittel entsprechen der Meinung des Autors.

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Steinhoff, B. Antikonvulsive Pharmakotherapie Jugendlicher und Erwachsener. Z. Epileptol. 26, 142–153 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10309-013-0307-5

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