Skip to main content
Log in

The translation of corporate governance changes across national cultures: the case of Germany

  • Article
  • Published:
Journal of International Business Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Contrasting systems of corporate governance persist internationally but are subject to regulatory and firm-level institutional change. Such changes may be viewed as organisational innovations, often imported from the USA in the face of different national cultures. This paper analyses the implications of national culture for the translation of innovations, and provides case study illustrations of regulatory and firm-level governance changes experienced in Germany. These illustrations demonstrate that the diffusion of both kinds of change has been subject to substantial translation that is consistent with German national culture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M. (1999) ‘Cross holdings in Germany’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 155(1): 80–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H.E. (1999) Organizations Evolving, Sage: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, E. (1945) Hammer or Anvil: The Story of the German Working Class, Gollancz: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkema, H.G. and Vermeulen, F. (1997) ‘What differences in the cultural backgrounds of partners are detrimental for international entry modes?’, Journal of International Business Studies 27(4): 753–779.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebchuk, L.A., Fried, J.M. and Walker, D.I. (2002) ‘Managerial power and rent extraction in the design of executive compensation’, University of Chicago Law Review 69(4): 751–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begley, T.M. and Tan, W.-L. (2001) ‘The socio-cultural environment for entrepreneurship: a comparison between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon countries’, Journal of International Business Studies 32(3): 537–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S. (1994) The British Labour Party and the German Social Democrats, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Biggart, N.W. and Guill, M.F. (1999) ‘Developing difference: societal organization and the rise of the auto industries in South Korea, Taiwan, Spain and Argentina’, American Sociological Review 64(5): 722–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, J.R. and Kruse, D.L. (1994) The New Owners: The Mass Emergence of Employee Ownership in Public Companies and What it Means to American Business, HarperCollins: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouthers, K.D. (2002) ‘Institutional, cultural and transaction cost influences on entry mode choice and performance’, Journal of International Business Studies 33(2): 203–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, T. (2003) ‘Modern Russian corporate governance: convergent forces or a product of Russian history?’, Journal of World Business 38(4): 299–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, T., Bruce, A., Main, B. and Udueni, H. (2003) ‘Long term incentive plans, executive pay and UK company performance’, Journal of Management Studies 40(7): 1709–1727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, T. and Tull, M. (2000) ‘Anglo-American contributions to Japanese and German corporate governance after World War Two’, Business History 42(2): 119–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Business Research (1969) Labor Relations and the Law in West Germany and the United States, Bureau of Business Research: Ann Arbor, MI.

  • Callon, M. (1987) ‘Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool for Sociological Analysis’, in W.E. Bijker, T.P. Hughes and T.P. Pinch (eds.) The Social Construction of Technological Systems, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, pp: 83–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calori, R., Lubatkin, M., Very, P. and Veiga, J.F. (1997) ‘Modelling the origins of nationally-bound administrative heritages: a historical institutional analysis of French and British firms’, Organization Science 8(6): 681–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charkham, J.P. (1995) Keeping Good Company: A Study of Corporate Governance in Five Countries, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheffins, B.R. (2003) ‘Will executive pay globalise along American lines? Corporate Governance: An International Review 11(1): 8–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, A.C.W., Lloyd, A.E. and Kwok, C.C.Y. (2002) ‘The determination of capital structure: is national culture a missing piece of the puzzle? Journal of International Business Studies 33(1): 99–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffee Jr, J.C. (1999) The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and its Implications, Columbia Law School Center for Law and Economic Studies: New York, Working Paper #144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conyon, M.J. and Murphy, K.J. (2000) ‘The prince and the pauper? CEO pay in the United States and United Kingdom’, Economic Journal 110(467): 640–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conyon, M.J. and Schwalbach, J. (1999) ‘Corporate Governance, Executive Pay and Performance in Europe’, in J. Carpenter and D. Yermack (eds.) Executive Compensation and Shareholder Value, Kluwer: Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp: 57–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, J.G. and Skill, M.S. (2003) ‘Managerialist and human capital explanations for key executive pay premiums: a contingency perspective’, Academy of Management Journal 46(1): 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czarniawska, B. and Joerges, B. (1996) ‘The Travel of Ideas’, in B. Czarniawska and G. Sev򬞨eds.) Translating Organizational Change, de Gruyter: Berlin, pp: 13–48.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Djelic, M.-L. (1998) Exporting the American Model, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dore, R. (2000) Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, T.J. and Judge, W.Q.J. (2001) ‘Total quality management implementation and competitive advantage: the role of structural control and exploration’, Academy of Management Journal 44(1): 158–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) ‘Building theories from case study research’, Academy of Management Review 14(4): 532–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elitzur, R.R. and Yaari, V. (1995) ‘Executive incentive compensation and earnings manipulation in a multi-period setting’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 26(2): 201–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englander, E. and Kaufman, A. (2003) Executive Compensation, Political Economy, and Managerial Control: The Transformation of Managerial Incentive Structures and Ideology, 1950–2000, George Washington University School of Business: Washington, DC, SMPP Working Paper 03–01.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, R and Rodrik, D. (1991) ‘Resistance to reform: status quo bias in the presence of individual-specific uncertainty’, American Economic Review 81(5): 1146–1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferner, A. (1997) ‘Country of origin effects and HRM in multinational companies’, Human Resource Management Journal 7(1): 19–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Filatotchev, I., Buck, T. and Zhukov, V. (2000) ‘Downsizing in privatized firms in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus: theory and empirical evidence’, Academy of Management Journal 43(3): 286–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune (2001) ‘Fortune 2001 Global 500’, Fortune, 23 July, pp: F1–F43.

  • Franks, J. and Mayer, C. (1997) ‘Corporate ownership and control in the UK, Germany and France’, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9(4): 30–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooderham, P.N., Nordhaug, O. and Ringdal, K. (1999) ‘Institutional and rational determinants of organizational practices: human resource management in European firms’, Administrative Science Quarterly 44(4): 507–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, S.J. (1988) ‘Toward a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally’, Abacus 24(1): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, R. and Hinings, C.R. (1996) ‘Understanding radical organizational change: bringing together the old and the new institutionalism’, Academy of Management Review 21(4): 1022–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B.J. and Murphy, K.J. (2002) ‘Stock options for undiversified executives’, Journal of Accounting and Economics 33(2): 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P.A. and Soskice, D. (2001) ‘Varieties of capitalism’, The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

  • Hill, C.W.L. (1995) ‘National institutional structures, transaction cost economizing and competitive advantage: the case of Japan’, Organization Science 6(1): 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1997) Cultures and Organizations, Sage: Beverly Hills.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (2002) ‘Dimensions do not exist: a reply to Brendan McSweeney’, Human Relations 55(11): 1355–1361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubsch, P.H. (1988) ‘The economic policies of the German trade unions in the British zone of occupation, 1945–49’, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Nottingham.

  • Jacobi, O., Keller, B. and Mueller-Jentsch, W. (1992) ‘Germany: Codetermining the Future’, in A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.) Industrial Relations in Europe, Blackwell: Oxford, pp: 218–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindleberger, C.P. (1984) A Financial History of Western Europe, George Allen and Unwin: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, A. (1991) The West German Economy 1945–1955, Berg: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (2000) ‘Investor protection corporate governance’, Journal of Financial Economics 58(1,2): 3–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, B. (1996) Aramis or the Love of Technology, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, J. (1992) ‘Note on the theory of the actor-network: ordering, strategy and heterogeneity’, Systems Practice 5(4): 379–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewellen, W. (1968) Executive Compensation in Large Industrial Corporations, Columbia University Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, A.Y., Kim, J. and Weigelt, C. (2004) ‘The Nation-State and Culture as Influences on Organizational Change and Innovation’, in M.S. Poole and A.H. Van de Ven (eds.) Handbook of Organizational Change and Development, Oxford University Press: Oxford, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, A.Y., Long, C.P. and Carroll, T.N. (1999) ‘The coevolution of new organizational forms’, Organization Science 10(5): 535–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Licht, A.N. (2001) ‘The mother of all path dependencies: toward a cross-cultural theory of corporate governance systems’, Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 26(156): 147–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licht, A.N., Goldschmidt, C. and Schwartz, S.H. (2003) Culture, Law and Corporate Governance, Interdisciplinary Center: Herzliya, Radzyner School of Law Working Paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, S. (1998) ‘Culture and network institutions in Hong Kong: a hierarchy of perspectives’, Organization Studies 19(2): 321–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macey, J.R. and Miller, G.P. (1997) ‘Universal banks are not the answer to Americas corporate governance ‘problem’: a look at Germany, Japan and the US’, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9(4): 57–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, M.C.J. and Whittington, R. (1999) ‘Strategy, structure and ‘systemness’: national institutions and corporate change in France, Germany and the UK, 1950–1993’, Organization Studies 20(6): 933–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLean, C. and Hassard, J. (2004) ‘Symmetrical absence/symmetrical absurdity: critical notes on the production of actor-network accounts’, Journal of Management Studies 41(3): 493–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMaster, T., Mumford, E., Swanson, E.B., Warboys, B. and Wastell, D. (eds.) (1997) Facilitating Technology Transfer Through Partnership: Learning from Practice and Research, Chapman & Hall: London.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McSweeney, B. (2002) ‘Hofstede's model of national cultural differences and their consequences: a triumph of faith – a failure of analysis’, Human Relations 55(11): 1363–1372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishaupt, C.J. (1998) ‘Property Rights in Firms’, in Corporate Governance Today: The Sloan Project on Corporate Governance at Columbia Law School, Columbia Law School: New York, pp: 601–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R.K., Agel, B.R. and Wood, D.J. (1997) ‘Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience’, Academy of Management Review 22(4): 853–886.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morck, R., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1988) ‘Management ownership and market valuation: an empirical analysis’, Journal of Financial Economics 20(1): 93–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K. (1999) ‘Executive Compensation’, in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.) Handbook of Labor Economics, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp: 1–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Bridge Street (1996) Paying for Performance: Long-Term Incentives in the Top 500 Listed UK Companies, New Bridge Street: London.

  • Newman, K.L. (2000) ‘Organizational transformation during institutional upheaval’, Academy of Management Review 25(3): 602–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, K.L. and Nollen, S.D. (1997) ‘Culture and congruence: the fit between management practices and culture’, Journal of International Business Studies 27(4): 753–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, D.C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Noteboom, B. (1999) ‘Voice- and exit-forms of corporate control: Anglo-American, European, and Japanese’, Journal of Economic Issues 33(4): 845–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, M. (2002) ‘Cultures, Institutions, and Strategic Choices: Toward an Institutional Perspective on Business Strategy’, in M. Gannon and K. Newman (eds.) The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, Blackwell: Oxford, pp: 52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinch, T. and Bijker, W. (1984) ‘The social construction of facts and artifacts: or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other’, Social Studies of Science 14(3): 339–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour, F., Choi, J., Chen, C.C. and Park, S.H. (2002) ‘National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance’, Journal of International Studies 33(2): 243–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, E. (1995) The Diffusion of Knowledge, Free Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rottenburg, R. (1996) ‘When Organization Travels: On Intercultural Translation’, in B. Czarniawska and G. Sev򬞨eds.) Translating Organizational Change, Walter de Gruyter: New York, pp: 191–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, S. and Niswander, F. (1995) ‘Cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally’, Journal of International Business Studies 26(2): 379–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schon, D.A. (1971) Beyond the Stable State: Public and Private Learning in a Changing Society, Temple Smith: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994) ‘Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values’, in U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, Ů Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi and G. Yoon (eds.) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications, Sage: Thousand Oaks, California, pp: 88–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1997) ‘A survey of corporate governance’, Journal of Finance 52(2): 737–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolper, G. (1967) The German Economy 1870 to the Present, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D.C. and Au, K. (2003) ‘The effect of cultural differences on behavioral responses to low job satisfaction’, Journal of International Business Studies 34(1): 40–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas III, L.G. and Waring, G. (1999) ‘Competing capitalisms: capital investment in American, German and Japanese firms’, Strategic Management Journal 20(8): 729–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Towers Perrin (2004) Worldwide Total Remuneration, 2003/04. http://www.towersperrin.com/hrservices/webcache/towers/United-States/publications/reports/2003-04-worldwide-remuneration.

  • Triandis, H.C. (2004) ‘the many dimensions of culture’, Academy of Management Executive 18(1): 88–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trompenaars, F. (1993) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Economist Books: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, I.D. (1989) Reconstruction in Post-War Germany, Berg: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Vliert, E. (2001) ‘Thermoclimate, culture, and poverty as country-level roots of workers' wages’’, Journal of International Business Studies 32(2): 369–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitols, S., Casper, S., Soskice, D. and Woolcock, S. (1997) Corporate Governance in Large British and German Companies, Report of the Anglo-German Foundation: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Oppen, B.R. (1955) Documents on Germany During Occupation, 1945–1954, CCG (British Element) Monthly Report. 1949. Royal Institute of Economic Affairs/Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, J.D., Gulati, R. and Shortell, S.M. (1997) ‘Customization or conformity? An institutional and network perspective on the content and consequences of TQM adoption’, Administrative Science Quarterly 42(2): 385–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, D. (2002) ‘Forward from a critique of Hofstede's model of national culture’, Human Relations 55(11): 1373–1395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O.E. (2000) ‘The new institutional economics: taking stock, looking ahead’, Journal of Economic Literature 38(3): 595–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windolf, P. (2002) Corporate Networks in Europe and the United States, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Winner, L. (1977) Autonomous Technology: Technics-Out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought, MIT Press: Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeitz, G., Mittal, V. and McAulay, B. (1999) ‘Distinguishing adoption and entrenchment of management practices: a framework for analysis’, Organization Studies 20(5): 741–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Anand Swaminathan and three reviewers for some really excellent comments on our drafts.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trevor Buck.

Additional information

Accepted by Anand Swaminathan, Departmental Editor, 22 August 2004. This paper has been with the author for two revisions.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buck, T., Shahrim, A. The translation of corporate governance changes across national cultures: the case of Germany. J Int Bus Stud 36, 42–61 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400109

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400109

Keywords

Navigation