Abstract
Air quality models are essential tools to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDG) because they are effective in guiding public policies for the management of air pollutant emissions and their impacts on the environment and human health. Despite its importance, Brazil still lacks a guide for choosing and setting air quality models for regulatory purposes. Based on this, the current research aims to assess the combined WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF models for representing SO2 dispersion over non-homogeneous regions as a regulatory model for policies in Brazilian Metropolitan Regions to satisfy the UN-SDG. The combined system was applied to the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area (RJMA), which is known for its physiographic complexity. In the first step, the WRF model was evaluated against surface-observed data. The local circulation was underestimated, while the prevailing observational winds were well represented. In the second step, it was verified that all CALMET three meteorological configurations performed better for the most frequent wind speed classes so that the largest SO2 concentrations errors occurred during light winds. Among the meteorological settings in WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF, the joined use of observed and modeled meteorological data yielded the best results for the dispersion of pollutants. This result emphasizes the relevance of meteorological data composition in complex regions with unsatisfactory monitoring given the inherent limitations of prognostic models and the excessive extrapolation of observed data that can generate distortions of reality. This research concludes with the proposal of the WRF/CALMET/CALPUFF air quality regulatory system as a supporting tool for policies in the Brazilian Metropolitan Regions in the framework of the UN-SDG, particularly in non-homogeneous regions where steady-state Gaussian models are not applicable.
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Data availability
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
The INEA (State Environmental Institute) and SMAC (Municipal Secretary of the Environment of Rio de Janeiro) by the air quality monitoring data. We would also like to thank the three anonymous reviewers for providing insightful comments that led to improvements in the article, as well as the Editor and the editorial staff of Environmental Science and Pollution Research for their support.
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This work was conducted during a scholarship supported by the CAPES (Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education within the Ministry of Education of Brazil) and CNPQ (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
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Mauricio Soares da Silva: conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing and visualization. Luiz Claudio Gomes Pimentel: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration. Fernando Pereira Duda: conceptualization, formal analysis, and writing—review and editing. Leonardo Aragão: methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing—review and editing. Corbiniano Silva: resources, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization. Ian Cunha D'Amato Viana Dragaud: methodology, investigation, writing—review and editing. Pedro Caffaro Vicentini: data curation, methodology, investigation, writing—review and editing.
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Soares da Silva, M., Pimentel, L.C.G., Duda, F.P. et al. Assessment of meteorological settings on air quality modeling system—a proposal for UN-SDG and regulatory studies in non-homogeneous regions in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 1737–1760 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22146-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22146-1