Abstract
Sexual violence on campus have rightfully become a major issue in Indonesia throughout the years. In advocating for the victims’ rights, both cases have shown that students and professors could work together in addressing this campus sexual violence as a longstanding epidemic.
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Notes
- 1.
We use the terms “universities”, “campuses”, and “colleges” interchangeably for this essay. Term “school” refers to elementary, junior, and high school in Indonesia.
- 2.
Qodar (2020).
- 3.
Redaksi (2020).
- 4.
We use the terms “victims” and “survivors” interchangeably in this essay.
- 5.
Nur Zahra and Wan Ulfa (2020).
- 6.
HopeHelps Universitas Indonesia was established in 2017 as an extended effort of “Gerakan Adili Sitok” (a movement initiated by students to bring Sitok to justice for the rape he has done). As the first student-run on-campus advocate for this cause in Indonesia, students from universities in Indonesia consulted to HopeHelps Unversitas Indonesia on how to establish such organization in their campuses. As a response towards some requests, in May 2020, HopeHelps Network was established as an effort to help students in advocating for the victims’ rights in their campuses. As per December 2020, there are 7 local chapters of HopeHelps in 7 different universities in Indonesia.
- 7.
HopeHelps Universitas Indonesia (2020).
- 8.
Pusat Data dan Informasi Ilmu Pengetahuan (2020).
- 9.
Indonesia (2012), Art. 6.
- 10.
Indonesia (2006), Art. 28I Par. (2).
- 11.
MacKinnon (1979).
- 12.
Michael (2006).
- 13.
Linder (2018).
- 14.
See Art. 81 and 82 of Child Protection Law of 2002. Children are bound to protection towards sexual violence on which the offender would be punished a maximum of 15 years of jail time and 3 years minimum, and fine with range from 60 to 300 million rupiahs.
- 15.
Indonesia (2002).
- 16.
Jauhari (2014).
- 17.
See Art. 1 Number 1 of Elimination of Domestic Violence of 2004.
- 18.
Arief (2018).
- 19.
See Art. 1 Number 1 of Eradication of the Criminal Act of Trafficking in Persons Law of 2007.
- 20.
See Indonesian Criminal Code Chapter XIV.
- 21.
Soesilo (1995).
- 22.
Ibid., p. 209.
- 23.
Syambudi (2020).
- 24.
Rosenfeld (2015, p. 368).
- 25.
Freyd (2020).
- 26.
National Commission on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (2020).
- 27.
Within range of 20–25%, female college students reported to have been sexually violated and 4% of male students experienced the same thing. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Sexual Violence Facts at a Glance 2012,” http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/SV-DataSheet-a.pdf.
- 28.
Between 15.5 and 16.9 percent of lesbian and bisexual women reported being sexually assaulted as adults and 10 percent of gay and bisexual men reported being raped. See Lee van der Voo, “Sexual Violence on Campus: Not Just a Crime of Men against Women,” https://www.invw.org/2010/02/25/941/.
- 29.
Karjane et al. (2002, p. 9).
- 30.
Kirkland (1994).
- 31.
See Regulation of Minister of Education and Culture No. 82 of 2015, Art. 1 No. 1.
- 32.
Ibid., Art. 8 Par. (1)e.
- 33.
Septianto (2020).
- 34.
Howells (1984, p. 114).
- 35.
Posner (1992, p. 385–386).
- 36.
See Peraturan Senat Akademik Institut Pertanian Bogor Nomor 33/SA-IPB/P/2019, Art. 9.
- 37.
Schneider and Hirsch (2020, p. 451).
- 38.
Nation et al. (2003, p. 451–454).
- 39.
Karjane et al. (2002, p. 95).
- 40.
After the disruptive campus sexual violence happened to Agni, student of Universitas Gadjah Mada, we noted that only two universities have taken action by creating internal regulation specifically about campus sexual violence. Those two universities are Universitas Gadjah Mada (through Peraturan Rektor No. 1 Tahun 2020) and Universitas Padjadjaran (through Peraturan Rektor No. 16 Tahun 2020).
- 41.
Fischer et al. (2000, p. 23).
- 42.
A sexual harassment in Universitas Negeri Padang experienced by victim with pseudonym Bunga has not yet found a tangible solution. The university’s president has sent a letter of recommendation to fire the sexual offender who is a lecturer to the Ministry of Education and Culture. On 6 March 2020, a group of people from some organizations focusing on eradication of sexual violence including HopeHelps Universitas Indonesia met Minister of Education and Culture to address sexual violence on campus. The minister said that he is committed to address this issue. See Rahmadi, “Dosen UNP Terduga Pelecehan Seksual di Padang Menolak Dipecat,” https://langgam.id/dosen-unp-terduga-pelecehan-seksual-di-padang-menolak-dipecat/ accessed on 20 November 2020.
- 43.
International Criminal Court, Part 2, Article 7 on the Jurisdiction, Admissibility, and Applicable Law of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 7.
- 44.
World Health Organization (2012).
- 45.
Fairchild and Rudman, “Everyday Stranger Harassment and Women’s Objectification”, Soc Just Rest, 21.
- 46.
Denby (2020).
- 47.
Racklin (2019, p. 985).
- 48.
Black et al. (2011).
- 49.
Wan Ulfa and Nur Zahra (2020).
- 50.
Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan (2017, p. 25).
- 51.
Asmarani (2020).
- 52.
Zahra and Ulfa (2020).
- 53.
Fisher et al. (2000).
- 54.
Josse (2020).
- 55.
Halley (2015, p. 108).
- 56.
Rosenfeld (2015, p. 361).
- 57.
De Beauvoir (2011, pp. 209–223).
- 58.
William Ryan (1976, p. xii).
- 59.
Indonesia (1984).
- 60.
Indonesia (2005), Art. 3.
- 61.
Ibid., art. 2 point (3).
- 62.
Busby (1999).
- 63.
Randall (2010).
- 64.
Rosenfeld (2014).
- 65.
Rosenfeld (2015, p. 364).
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
20 U.S. Code § 1681.
- 68.
Know Your IX (2020, p. 17).
- 69.
U.S. Department of Education (2020, p. 19).
- 70.
See CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19, Art. 6.
- 71.
Anderson (2016, p. 1970).
- 72.
Mackinnon (2016, p. 2065).
- 73.
Know Your IX (2020, p. 18–19).
References
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Indonesia. Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Amandemen IV. LN. No. 14 Tahun 2006.
Indonesia. Undang-undang tentang Pengesahan Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Wanita (Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women). UU No. 7 tahun 1984. LN No. 29 tahun 1984. TLN No. 3277 (Law No. 7 of 1984, SG No. 29 of 1984).
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak. UU No. 23 Tahun 2002. LN No. 109 Tahun 2002. TLN No. 4235.
Indonesia. Undang-undang tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Kovenan Internasional Tentang Hak-Hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya) (The Law on the Ratification of ICESCR). UU No. 11 tahun 2005. LN No. 118 tahun 2005. TLN No. 4557 (Law No. 11 of 2005, SG No. 118 of 2005).
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Pendidikan Tinggi. UU No. 12 Tahun 2012. LN. No. 158 Tahun 2012. TLN No. 5336.
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World Health Organization. (2012). World report on violence and health. Geneva.
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Denby, N. The sexual assault epidemic is real. Retrieved November 20, 2020, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/yes-the-sexual-assault-epidemic-isreal_us_57be7905e4b06384eb3e4ae0
Freyd, J. J. Institutional Betrayal and Institutional Courage. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/institutionalbetrayal/
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Know Your IX. Know Your IX: Campus Organizing Toolkit. Retrieved November 25, 2020, from https://www.knowyourix.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Toolkit-Final.pdf
National Commission on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan) found there are 15 forms of sexual violence which were based on their 12 years of experience. See Komnas Perempuan, “15 Bentuk Kekerasan Seksual: Sebuah Pengenalan”. Retrieved November 17, 2020, from https://www.komnasperempuan.go.id/file/pdf_file/Modul%20dan%20Pedoman/Kekerasan%20Seksual/15%20BTK%20KEKERASAN%20SEKSUAL.pdf
Pusat Data dan Informasi Ilmu Pengetahuan, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi, “Statistik Pendidikan Tinggi 2018”. Retrieved November 16, 2020, from https://pddikti.kemdikbud.go.id/asset/data/publikasi/Statistik%20Pendidikan%20Tinggi%20Indonesia%202018.pdf
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Has, M.W.T.B.P., Apsari, P.K. (2022). Sexual Violence on the Higher Education Institution. In: Nurtjahyo, L.I., Wicaksono, M.A. (eds) Gender-Based Violence in South-East Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2492-7_5
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