Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genotype × Environment Interaction Effects on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Flower Sex Type Expression

  • Published:
Tropical Plant Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Flowering is one of the most critical determinants of nut tree crop yield and flower sex types that are predictive of high yields are needed to enhance the effectiveness of cashew varietal development. Under tropical and subtropical climates, cashew flowering coincides with the annual drought and could be affected by high moisture and temperature stress. The genotype × environment interaction effects on flower sex type expression of cashew has never been explored. Our current study employed a multi-environment trial established in two contrasting agro-ecological zones to elucidate the effects of genotype and environment on male, hermaphrodite and sterile flower sex type expression. Our results showed that most of the variability found were largely due to environmental influence (˃80%) and hermaphrodite and sterile flower sex types were the most sensitive. Male, hermaphrodite and sterile flower numbers ranged from 61.6–107.1, 5.6–38.7 and 1.5–14.4 per panicle respectively. The GGE Biplot model employed to analyze the interaction showed that clones SG004, SB9 and KT1 were stable for all the flower sex types. Clones that gave high number of male and hermaphrodite flowers had higher yields in suboptimal environments whereas in near optimal environments, clones that gave low number of sterile flowers had high yields. While our study highlights the benefit of employing a multi-environment trial to identify cashew clones with superior flowering characteristics to face future variability of environmental conditions attributed to global warming, the effectiveness of cashew flower sex type in predicting nut yield could vary with prevailing environmental conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Archiving Statement

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  • ACA (2011) Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Cashew Growing Regions in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire https://www.africancashewalliance.com/sites/default/files/documents/ghana_ivory_coast_climate_change_and_cashew.pdf (Accessed 08/10/2021)

  • Adu-Gyamfi PK et al (2019) Genetic variability and trait association studies in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Sci Hortic 255:108–114

  • Akpertey A, Anim-Kwapong E, Ofori A (2019) Early selection for yield in robusta coffee based on juvenile growth traits. Afr Crop Sci J 27:571. https://doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v27i4.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akpertey A, Dadzie AM, Adu-Gyamfi PKK, Ofori A, Padi FK (2017) Effectiveness of juvenile traits as selection criteria for yield efficiency in kola. Sci Hortic 216:264–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.01.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asante FA, Amuakwa-Mensah F (2015) Climate Change and Variability in Ghana: Stocktaking Climate 3:78–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspbury AS, Grayson KL, Fantaye S, Nichols I, Myers-Burton M, Ortiz-Mangual X, Gabor CR (2017) The Association between Male-Biased Sex Ratio and Indicators of Stress in Red-Spotted Newts. Physiol Behav 173:156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badenes ML, Byrne DH (2012) Fruit breeding vol 8. Springer Science & Business Media

  • Balogoun I, Ahoton EL, Saïdou A, Bello OD, Ezin V (2016) Effect of Climatic Factors on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Productivity in Benin (West Africa). J Earth Sci Clim Change 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000329

  • Balogoun I et al (2015) Effect of Climatic Factors on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) productivity in Benin (West Africa). J Earth Sci Clim Change 7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000329

  • Bello D, Ahoton L, Saidu A, Akponikpè I, Ezin V, Balogoun I, Aho N (2017) Climate change and cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) productivity in Benin (West Africa): perceptions and endogenous measures of adaptation. Int J Biol Chem Sci 11:924–946

  • Benedict O, Uguru M, Aruah C (2010) Studies on the floral traits and their implications on pod and seed yields in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). Aust J Crop Sci 4:91–97

  • Chivandi E, Mukonowenzou N, Nyakudya T, Erlwanger KH (2015) Potential of indigenous fruit-bearing trees to curb malnutrition, improve household food security, income and community health in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Food Res Int 76:980–985

  • Dangi SPAK, Soti Magar P, Bhattarai S, Shrestha D, Gyawali S, Basnet M (2019) Study on Effect of Phosphorus on Growth and Flowering of Marigold (Tagetes Erecta). JOJ Wildl Biodivers 1(5):555571. https://doi.org/10.19080/JOJWB.2019.01.555571

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dasumiati M (2014) Triadiati, Hartana A, Pronowo D. Increasing Hermaphrodite Flowers Using Plant Growth Regulators in Andromonoecious Jatropha Curcas. HAYATI J Biosci 21:111–120. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.21.3.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta S (2013) Impact of climate change in Indian horticulture-a review Int J Sci. Environ Technol 2:661–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Dedzoe C, Senayah J, Asiamah R (2001) Suitable agro-ecologies for cashew (Anacardium occidetale L.) production in Ghana, West African. J App Ecol 2

  • Dendena B, Corsi S (2014) Cashew, from seed to market: a review agronomy for sustainable development 34:753–772

  • Donoghue MJ, Bell CD, Winkworth RC (2003) The evolution of reproductive characters in Dipsacales. Int J Plant Sci 164:S453–S464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Hanafi S, Bendaou N, Kehel Z, Sanchez-Garcia M, Tadesse W (2020) Phenotypic evaluation of elite spring bread wheat genotypes for hybrid potential traits. Euphytica 216:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foltan H, Lüdders P (1995) Flowering, fruit set, and genotype compatibility in cashew. Angew Bot 69:215–220

  • Freitas B, Paxton R (1996) The role of wind and insects in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) pollination in NE Brazil. J Agri Sci 126:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600074876

  • Freitas BM, Paxton RJ (2009) The role of wind and insects in cashew (Anacardium occidentale) pollination in NE, Brazil. J Agric Sci 126:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600074876

  • Garcia-Mozo H, Oteros J, Galan C (2015) Phenological changes in olive (Ola europaea L.) reproductive cycle in southern Spain due to climate change. Ann Agric Environ Med 22:421–428. https://doi.org/10.5604/12321966.1167706

  • Gawankar M, Sawale R, Pawar S, Chavan S (2016) Effect of Ethrel® on flowering, sex-expression and yield in cashew. J Hortic Sci 5:68–70

  • Geetha GA, Shivashankara KS, Reddy YTN (2016) Varietal variations in temperature response for hermaphrodite flower production and fruit set in mango (Mangifera indica L). S Afr J Bot 106:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.07.011

  • Ghadage V, Ahlawat T, Chawla S, Shah N, Ghadage N (2016) Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering behavior of cashew cv. Vengurla-4 grown in the hilly tracts of South Gujarat. J Appl Nat Sci 8:23–27. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.739

  • Gray J (2013) Nuts and seeds. In: Caballero B (ed) Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Third Edition). Academic Press, Waltham, pp 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375083-9.00208-7

  • Guilly S, Dumont T, Thong-Chane A, Barau L, Hoarau J-Y (2017) Analysis of multienvironment trials (MET) in the sugarcane breeding program of Réunion Island. Euphytica 213:213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1994-1

  • INC (2021) International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Statistical year book-2021

  • Jameel MA, Naik SR, Madhumathi C, Reddy DS, Venkataramana K (2018) Physiology of Flowering in Mango. J Pharmacogn Phytother 7:2375–2382

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansky S (2009) Breeding, genetics, and cultivar development. In: Advances in potato chemistry and technology. Elsevier, pp 27–62

  • Madeni JP (2016) Genotype x environment interaction on performance of selected cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) hybrids in Tanzania. MSc. Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture

  • Mao Y et al (2017) Flower Development and Sex Determination between Male and Female Flowers in Vernicia Fordii Frontiers in Plant. Science 8:1291–1291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masawe P, Cundall E, Caligari P (1996) Distribution of cashew flower sex-types between clones and sides of tree canopies in Tanzania. Ann Bot 78:553–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masawe P, Cundall E, Caligari P (1999) Studies on genotype-environment interaction (GxE) in half-sib progenies of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2

  • Monteiro F, Catarino L, Batista D, Indjai B, Duarte MC, Romeiras MM (2017) Cashew as a High Agricultural Commodity in West Africa: Insights towards Sustainable Production in Guinea-Bissau. Sustainability 9:1666

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales CL, Traveset A, Harder LD (2012) Sterile flowers increase pollinator attraction and promote female success in the Mediterranean herb Leopoldia comosa. Ann Bot 111:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs243

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Navas-Lopez JF, León L, Rapoport HF, Moreno-Alías I, Lorite IJ, de la Rosa R (2019a) Genotype, environment and their interaction effects on olive tree flowering phenology and flower quality. Euphytica 215:184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2503-5

  • Navas-Lopez JF, León L, Rapoport HF, Moreno-Alías I, Lorite IJ, de la Rosa R (2019b) Genotype, environment and their interaction effects on olive tree flowering phenology and flower quality. Euphytica 215:1–13

  • Neyshaburi S, Rezaei M, Movahednejad MH, Hokmabadi H, Heidari P (2021) Morphological and Phenological Characterizations of Some Male and Female Promising Pistachio Genotypes from an Open-pollinated Population. International Journal of Fruit Science 21:456–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1896982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira NN, Mothé CG, Mothé MG, de Oliveira LG (2020) Cashew nut and cashew apple: a scientific and technological monitoring worldwide review. J Food Sci Technol 57:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04051-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira VHd (2008) Cashew crop Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 30:0–0

  • Pacheco Á, Vargas M, Alvarado G, Rodríguez F, Crossa J, Burgueño J (2015) GEA-R (Genotype x Environment Analysis with R for Windows) Version 4.1 V16 edn. CIMMYT Research Data & Software Repository Network. https://hdl.handle.net/11529/10203

  • Padi F, Opoku S, Adomako B, Adu-Ampomah Y (2012) Effectiveness of juvenile tree growth rate as an index for selecting high yielding cocoa families. Sci Hortic 139:14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2012.02.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park B et al (2018) Sterile marginal flowers increase visitation and fruit set in the hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides, Adoxaceae) at multiple spatial scales. Ann Bot 123:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy117

  • Rapoport HF, Hammami SB, Martins P, Pérez-Priego O, Orgaz F (2012) Influence of water deficits at different times during olive tree inflorescence and flower development. Environ Exp Bot 77:227–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rupa TR, Rejani R, Bhat MG (2013) Impact of Climate Change on Cashew and Adaptation Strategies. In: Singh HCP, Rao NKS, Shivashankar KS (eds) Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies. Springer India, India, pp 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0974-4_17

  • Scaven VL, Rafferty NE (2013) Physiological Effects of Climate Warming on Flowering Plants and Insect Pollinators and Potential Consequences for Their Interactions. Curr Zool 59:418–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.3.418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soh AC, Gan HH, Wong G, Hor TY, Tan CC (2003) Estimates of within family genetic variability for clonal selection in oil palm. Euphytica 133:147–163. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025582214696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stapleton SC, Wien HC, Morse RA (2000) Flowering and Fruit Set of Pumpkin Cultivars under Field Conditions. HortSci 35:1074. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.6.1074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sys C, Van Ranst E, Debaveye J, Beernaert F (1993) Land Evaluation Part 3: Crop Requirements Agricultural Publications n° 7. GADC, Brussels, Belgium

  • Toft BD, Alam M, Topp B (2018) Estimating genetic parameters of architectural and reproductive traits in young macadamia cultivars. Tree Genet Genomes 14:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-018-1265-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Zhou W, Lu J, Wang H, Xiao C, Xia J, Liu G (2012) Effects of Population Size on Synchronous Display of Female and Male Flowers and Reproductive Output in Two Monoecious Sagittaria Species. PLoS One 7:e48731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048731

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wunnachit W, Sedgley M (1992) Floral Structure and Phenology of Cashew in Relation to Yield. J Hortic Sci Biotech 67:769–777

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao D, Tao J (2015) Recent Advances on the Development and Regulation of Flower Color in Ornamental Plants Frontiers in Plant. Science 6:261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the field staff of Bole and Wenchi Agricultural Research Station for their support and assistance throughout this study. This manuscript is published with the kind permission of the Executive Director of Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) as manuscript number CRIG/02/2022/035/007.

Funding

The authors acknowledge the support of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) with funding through Commcashew and the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Plant Breeding Division, P. O. Box 8, New Tafo Akim, Ghana

    Paul K. K. Adu-Gyamfi, Abraham Akpertey, Michael Teye Barnor, Abu Mustapha Dadzie & Francis Padi

  2. Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P. O. Box M 37, Accra, Ghana

    Seth Osei-Akoto

Authors
  1. Paul K. K. Adu-Gyamfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abraham Akpertey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Teye Barnor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Abu Mustapha Dadzie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Seth Osei-Akoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francis Padi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PKKAG and FKP conceived and designed the experiment. PKKAG and MTB performed the experiment, collected and analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. AA, AMD and SOA all assisted with data collection and provided significant editorial and analytical advice.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul K. K. Adu-Gyamfi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by: Ray Ming

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Adu-Gyamfi, P.K.K., Akpertey, A., Barnor, M.T. et al. Genotype × Environment Interaction Effects on Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Flower Sex Type Expression. Tropical Plant Biol. 15, 157–170 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-022-09310-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-022-09310-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation