Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Status and Prospects of Hybrid Wheat: A Brief Update

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research

Abstract

Despite immense interest and dedicated efforts globally, decades-long dream about hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) remains unrealized. Exciting scientific discoveries on the chemical hybridizing agents (CHA) and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were unveiled decades ago. Investments in hybrid wheat research and development during the 1960s to 1990s were not uncommon for both public and private agriculture research organizations around the world. Yet the hybrid wheat largely remains an unfinished business today. One of the key impediments in developing hybrid wheat is its biological obligation to self-pollination. A significant modification in its floral biology and behavior is the first and a must condition to develop a hybrid wheat. Moreover, the realized superiority of hybrid wheat, i.e., hybrid heterosis, compared to the conventional inbred variety has been observed to be limited as compared to other successful hybrid crops. It is largely explained by the autogamy nature of this crop which evolved by adapting to inbreeding and possibly by being selected against the deleterious alleles which otherwise affect negatively in homozygous state. Despite numerous efforts being invested in the past to develop and design suitable hybrid wheat system, a persistent effort towards hybrid breeding seems to be missing. In this regard, it is not imperative to compare hybrid heterosis with the currently available best inbred cultivars and conclude just based on limited amount of time and resources invested in hybrid wheat. In order to feed the burgeoning population in the coming decades, there is not much option but find a step changer that substantially boosts yield potential in wheat and perhaps the same true for other economically important crops. It is strongly believed that hybrid wheat can still be the principal solution for increased food demand. We are in the twenty-first century surrounded with advanced scientific understanding, cutting edge technologies, and tremendous computing capacity. In this background, this book chapter tries to briefly review the past works on hybrid wheat-related issues, such as heterosis, hybrid production systems, and application of genomics, and provide brief perspectives on the future of hybrid wheat in various sections. Moreover, we have attempted to provide an account on hybrid wheat economics associated with hybrid wheat commercialization in the context of India. Throughout the chapter, relevant sections have been illustrated with some of the key methods practiced and results observed in CIMMYT’s hybrid wheat program.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adhikari A, Ibrahim AM, Rudd JC, Baenziger PS et al (2020a) Supplementing selection decisions in a hybrid wheat breeding program by using F2 yield as a proxy of F1 performance. Euphytica 216(8):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari A, Ibrahim AM, Rudd JC, Baenziger PS, Sarazin JB (2020b) Estimation of heterosis and combining abilities of US winter wheat germplasm for hybrid development in Texas. Crop Sci 60(2):788–803

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akel W, Thorwarth P, Mirdita V, Weissman EA, Liu G et al (2018) Can spelt wheat be used as heterotic group for hybrid wheat breeding? Theor Appl Genet 131(4):973–984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MM, Saheed SM, Kubota D, Masunaga T, Wakatsuki T (1997) Soil degradation during the period 1967–1995 in Bangladesh. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 43:879–890

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angus W (1997) Hybrid wheat-a dream or reality? Optimizing cereal inputs: its scientific basis. CIMMYT, Cirencester, UK, pp 15–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Araki H (1990) Studies on the practical use of hybrid wheat using cytoplasmic male sterility. Bull Kyushu Natl Agric Exp Station 26(2):115–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Asseng S, Ewert F, Rosenzweig C, Jones J et al (2013) Uncertainty in simulating wheat yields under climate change. Nat Clim Change 3(9):827–832

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball CR (1930) The history of American wheat improvement. Agric Hist 4:48–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa-Neto J, Sorrells M, Cisar G (1996) Prediction of heterosis in wheat using coefficient of parentage and RFLP-based estimates of genetic relationship. Genome 39:1142–1149

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basnet BR, Crossa J, Dreisigacker S, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Manes Y, Singh RP et al (2018) Hybrid wheat prediction using genomic, pedigree, and environmental covariables interaction models. Plant Genome 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2018.07.0051

  • Basnet BR, Crossa J, Dreisigacker S, Pérez-Rodríguez P et al (2019) Hybrid wheat prediction using genomic, pedigree, and environmental covariables interaction models. Plant Genome 12(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo R (1994) Prediction of maize single-cross performance using RFLPs and information from related hybrids. Crop Sci 34:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo R (1996a) Best linear unbiased prediction of maize single-cross performance. Crop Sci 3:50–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardo R (1996b) Best linear unbiased prediction of the performance of crosses in maize. Crop Sci 41:68–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Boeven PHG, Longin CFH, Leiser WL, Kollers S, Ebmeyer E et al (2016a) Genetic architecture of male floral traits required for hybrid wheat breeding. Theor Appl Genet 129(12):2343–2357

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boeven PHG, Longin CFH, Würschum T (2016b) A unified framework for hybrid breeding and the establishment of heterotic groups in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 129(6):1231–1245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boeven PHG, Würschum T, Rudloff J et al (2018) Hybrid seed set in wheat is a complex trait but can be improved indirectly by selection for male floral traits. Euphytica 214:110

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns R, Peterson CJ (1997) Yield and stability factors associated with hybrid wheat. In: Wheat: prospects for global improvement. Springer, New York, pp 23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns R, Peterson CJ (1998) Yield and stability factors associated with hybrid wheat. In: Braun HJ, Altay F, Kronstad WE, Beniwal SPS, McNab A (eds) Wheat: prospects for global improvement, Ankara, 10–14 Jun 1996. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Byerlee D, Siddiq A (1994) Has the green revolution been sustained? The quantitative impact of the seed-fertilizer revolution in Pakistan revisited. World Dev 22:1345–1361

    Google Scholar 

  • Cisar G, Cooper D (2002) Hybrid wheat. In: Curtis BC, Rajaram S, Macpherson HG (eds) Bread wheat: improvement and production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 157–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling WA, Gaynor RC, Antolín R, Gorjanc G, Edwards SM et al (2020) In silico simulation of future hybrid performance to evaluate heterotic pool formation in a self-pollinating. Crop Sci Rep 10(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox T, Murphy J (1990) The effect of parental divergence on F2 heterosis in winter wheat crosses. Theor Appl Genet 79(2):241–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çukadar B, van Ginkel M (2001) Yield potential of bread wheat hybrids produced by genesis. In: Reeves J, McNab A, Rajaram S (eds) Proceedings of the Warren E. Kronstad Symposium, Ciudad Obregon, Sonora, Mexico, 15–17 Mar 2001. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F., pp 99–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Çukadar B, Pena RJ, van Ginkel M (2001) Yield potential and bread-making quality of bread wheat hybrids produced using Genesis, a chemical hybridizing agent. In: Bedö Z, Láng L (eds) Wheat in a global environment: Proceedings of the 6th International wheat conference, Budapest, Hungary, 5–9 June 2000. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp 541–550

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza L (1970) Untersuchungen iiber die Eignung des Weizens als Pollenspender bei der Fremdbefruchtung, verglichen mit Roggen, Tri ticale und Secalotricum. Zeitsclirift fiir Pflanzenziicl1tung 63:246–269

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries AP (1971) Flowering biology of wheat, particularly in view of hybrid seed production. A review. Euphytica 20:152–170

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries APH (1974) Some aspects of cross-pollination in wheat (T. aestivum L.) 3. Anther length and number of pollen grains per anther. Euphytica 23:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng J, Gao Z (1980) The use of a dominant male-sterile gene in wheat breeding. Acta Agron Sin 6:85–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreisigacker S, Melchinger AE, Zhang P, Ammar K, Flachenecker C, Hoisington D et al (2005) Hybrid performance and heterosis in spring bread wheat, and their relations to SSR-based genetic distances and coefficients of parentage. Euphytica 144:51–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvick DN (1997) What is yield? In: Edmeades GO et al (eds) Developing drought- and low N-tolerant maize. Proceedings of a symposium, March 25-29, 1996, CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico. CIMMYT, Mexico City, pp 332–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvick DN (1999) Heterosis: feeding people and protecting natural resources. In: Coors JG, Pandey S (eds) The genetics and exploitation of heterosis in crops. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 19–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvick DN, Smith JSC, Cooper M (2003) Changes in performance, parentage, and genetic diversity of successful corn hybrids, from 1930 to 2000. In: Smith CW et al (eds) Corn: origin, history, technology and production. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly AC, Stroup WW, Garst N, Belamkar V, Sarazin JB, Moittié T, Baenziger PS (2019) Determining the efficacy of a hybridizing agent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 9(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly AC, Garst N, Belamkar V, Ibrahim AM, Rudd JC, Sarazin JB, Baenziger PS (2020) Evaluation of hybrid wheat yield in Nebraska. Crop Sci 60(3):1210–1222

    Google Scholar 

  • El Hanafi S, Bendaou N, Kehel Z, Sanchez-Garcia M, Tadesse W (2020) Phenotypic evaluation of elite spring bread wheat genotypes for hybrid potential traits. Euphytica 216:168

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2019) Food balance sheets: report [WWW Document]. Online database food Balance Sheets. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS. Accessed 19 Aug 2019

  • FAO (2020) Data: production [WWW Document]. Online database Crop Prod. Harvest. Area. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC. Accessed 26 Apr 2020

  • FAOSTAT (2020a) Crops and livestock products-trade [WWW Document]. Crop. Livest. Prod. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TP. Accessed 5 Jan 2020

  • FAOSTAT (2020b) Food balance sheets (database) [WWW Document]. Food Agric. Organ. United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • Frankowiak JD, Maan SS, Williams ND (1976) A proposal for hybrid wheat utilizing Aegilops squarrosa L. cytoplasm. Crop Sci 16:725–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukasawa H (1955) Studies on restoration and substitution of nucleus (genome) in Aegilotricum. Cytologia 20:211–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi VP, Zhou Z-Y, Mullen J (2012) India’s wheat economy: will demand be a constraint or supply? Econ Polit Wkly 39:4737–4746

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer M, Bund A, Albrecht T, Hartl L, Mohler V (2016) Distribution of the fertility-restoring gene Rf3 in common and spelt wheat determined by an informative SNP marker. Mol Breed 36:167

    Google Scholar 

  • Geyer MT, Hartl AL, Mohler V (2018) Exploring the genetics of fertility restoration controlled by Rf1 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using high-density linkage maps. Mol Genet Genomics 293:451–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Government of India (2019) Agricultural statistics as a glance 2018. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of India (2020a) Cost of cultivation/production & related data, 2017–18. Government of India, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Government of India (2020b) Agricultural statistics at a glance 2019. Government of India, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowda M, Kling C, Würschum T, Liu W, Maurer HP, Hahn V, Reif JC (2010) Hybrid breeding in durum wheat: heterosis and combining ability. Crop Sci 50(6):2224–2230

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowda M, Longin CFH, Lein V, Reif JC (2012) Relevance of specific versus general combining ability in winter wheat. Crop Sci 52(6):2494–2500

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ (2010) Genetic improvement in winter wheat yields in the Great Plains of North America, 1959–2008. Crop Sci 50(5):1882–1890

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Gahlaut V, Saripalli G, Pal B, Basnet BR, Joshi AK (2019) Hybrid wheat: past, present and future. Theor Appl Genet 132:2463–2483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03397-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guttieri MJ (2020) Ms3 Dominant genetic male sterility for wheat improvement with molecular breeding. Crop Sci 60:1362–1372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He JM (1993) Theory and practice of two-line hybrid wheat (In Chinese). Hunan ScienTech Press, Changsha

    Google Scholar 

  • He X, Singh PK, Dreisigacker S, Singh S, Lillemo M et al (2016) Dwarfing genes Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b are associated with both type I FHB susceptibility and low anther extrusion in two bread wheat populations. PLoS One 11(9):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoagland AR, Elliott FC, Rasmussen LW (1953) Some histological and morphological effects of maleic hydrazide on spring wheat. Agron J 45:468–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs P, Morris M (2011) Meeting South Asia’s future food requirements from rice-wheat cropping systems: priority issues facing researchers in the post-green revolution era. Natural Resource Group, Texcoco

    Google Scholar 

  • Hucl P (1996) Out crossing rates for 10 Canadian spring wheat cultivars. Can J Plant Sci 76(3):423–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Imrie BC (1966) Stigma receptivity in cytoplasmic male sterile wheat. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb 6:175–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue Y, Vy TT, Yoshida K, Asano H, Mitsuoka C, Asuke S et al (2017) Evolution of the wheat blast fungus through functional losses in a host specificity determinant. Science 357(6346):80–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), Appels R, Eversole K, Feuillet C, Keller B, Rogers J (2018) Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome. Science 361(6403):eaar7191. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Islam MT, Croll D, Gladieux P, Soanes DM, Persoons A et al (2016) Emergence of wheat blast in Bangladesh was caused by a South American lineage of Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC Biol 14(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia M, Guan J, Zhai Z, Geng S, Zhang X et al (2018) Wheat functional genomics in the era of next generation sequencing: an update. Crop J 6(1):7–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Schmidt RH, Zhao Y, Reif JC (2017) Quantitative genetic framework highlights the role of epistatic effects for grain-yield heterosis in bread wheat. Nat Genet 49(12):1741–1746

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joppa L, McNeal RIH, Berg MA (1968) Pollen production and pollen shedding of hard red spring (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) and durum (T. durum Desf.) wheats. Crop Sci 8:487–490

    Google Scholar 

  • Joshi AK, Mishra B, Chatrath R, Ortiz Ferrara G, Singh RP (2007) Wheat improvement in India: present status, emerging challenges and future prospects. Euphytica 157:431–446

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempe K, Gils M (2011) Pollination control technologies for hybrid breeding. Mol Breed 27:417–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempe K, Rubtsova M, Gils M (2014) Split-gene system for hybrid wheat seed production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:9097–9102

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kherde MK, Atkins IM, Merkle OG, Porter KB (1967) Cross pollination studies with male sterile wheat’s of three cytoplasm’s, seed size on F1 plants, and seed and anther size of 45 pollinators. Crop Sci 7:389–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Kihara H (1951) Substitution of nucleus and its effects on genome manifestations. Cytologia 16:177–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapp SJ, Cox TS (1988) Sl family recurrent selection in autogamous crops based on dominant genetic male-sterility. Crop Sci 28:227–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Knott D (1965) Heterosis in seven wheat hybrids. Can J Plant Sci 45:499–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudson MK, Ruttan VW (1988) Research and development of a biological innovation: commercial hybrid wheat. Food Res Inst Stud 21(1):45–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Koekemoer F, Van Eeden E, Bonjean A (2011) An overview of hybrid wheat production in South Africa and review of current worldwide wheat hybrid developments. In: Bonjean A, Angus W, Van Ginkel M (eds) The world wheat book: a history of plant breeding. Lavoisier, Paris, pp 907–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Koemel JE, Guenzi AC, Carver BF, Payton ME, Morgan GH, Smith EL (2004) Hybrid and pureline hard winter wheat yield and stability. Crop Sci 44:107–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Komaki MK, Tsunewaki K (1981) Genetical studies on the difference of anther length among common wheat cultivars. Euphytica 30:45–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Dey M, Weekly MM, Weekly PP (2007) Long-term changes in Indian food basket and nutrition. Econ Polit Wkly 42:3567–3572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276502

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Schmidt RH, Reif JC (2018) Haplotype-based genome-wide prediction models exploit local epistatic interactions among markers. G3 (Bethesda) 8:1687–1699

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer SM, Longin CFH, Würschum T (2014) Phenotypic evaluation of floral and flowering traits with relevance for hybrid breeding in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Breed 133:433–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie R, Matus-Cádiz M, Hucl P (2006) Estimating out-crossing rates in spring wheat cultivars using the contact method. Crop Sci 46:247–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Deng J (1986) A dominant gene for male sterility in wheat. Plant Breed 97:204–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Livers RW (1964) Fertility restoration and its inheritance in cytoplasmic male-sterile wheat. Science 144:420–420

    Google Scholar 

  • Longin CFH, Gowda M, Mühleisen J, Ebmeyer E, Kazman E et al (2013) Hybrid wheat: quantitative genetic parameters and consequences for the design of breeding programs. Theor Appl Genet 126(11):2791–2801

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longin CFH, Reif JC, Würschum T (2014) Long-term perspective of hybrid versus line breeding in wheat based on quantitative genetic theory. Theor Appl Genet 127(7):1635–1641

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukaszewski AJ (2017) Chromosomes 1BS and 1RS for control of male fertility in wheats and triticales with cytoplasms of Aegilops kotschyi, Ae. mutica and Ae. uniaristata. Theor Appl Genet 130(12):2521–2526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason NM, Jayne TS, Shiferaw B (2015) Africa’s rising demand for wheat: trends, drivers, and policy implications. Dev Policy Rev 33:581–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Matuschke I, Mishra RR, Qaim M (2007) Adoption and impact of hybrid wheat in India. World Dev 35:1422–1435

    Google Scholar 

  • Melchinger AE (1999) Genetic diversity and heterosis. In: Coors J, Pandey S (eds) The genetics and exploitation of heterosis. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 99–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Melchinger AE, Gumber RK (1998) Overview of heterosis and heterotic groups in agronomic crops. In: Larnkey K, Staub J (eds) Concepts and breeding of heterosis in crop plants. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 29–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith WR (1990) Yield and fiber-quality potential for second-generation cotton hybrids. Crop Sci 30(5):1045–1048

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller JF, Lucken KA (1976) Hybrid wheat seed production methods for North Dakota. Crop Sci 16:217–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittal S (2007) What affects changes in cereal consumption? Econ Polit Wkly 42:444–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris M (1994) Returns to wheat breeding research in Nepal. Agric Econ 10:269–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Mottaleb KA, Rahut DB, Kruseman G, Erenstein O (2018a) Evolving food consumption patterns of rural and urban households in developing countries. Br Food J 120:392–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Mottaleb KA, Rahut DB, Kruseman G, Erenstein O (2018b) Changing food consumption of households in developing countries: a Bangladesh case. J Int Food Agribus Mark 30:156–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühleisen J, Piepho HP, Maurer HP, Longin CFH, Reif JC (2014) Yield stability of hybrids versus lines in wheat, barley, and triticale. Theor Appl Genet 127(2):309–316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muqaddasi QH, Reif J, Li C, Basnet BR, Dreisigacker S et al (2017) Genome-wide association mapping and genome-wide prediction of anther extrusion in CIMMYT spring wheat. Euphytica 213:3

    Google Scholar 

  • Muqaddasi QH, Jayakodi M, Börner A, Röder MS (2019a) Identification of consistent QTL with large effect on anther extrusion in doubled haploid populations developed from spring wheat accessions in German Federal ex situ Genebank. Theor Appl Genet 132(11):3035–3045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muqaddasi QH, Reif JC, Röder MS, Basnet BR, Dreisigacker S (2019b) Genetic mapping reveals large-effect QTL for anther extrusion in CIMMYT spring wheat. Agronomy 9(7):1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murai K (2002) Comparison of two fertility restoration systems against photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat. Plant Breed 121:363–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Murai K, Tsunewaki K (1993) Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm. Euphytica 67:41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Murai K, Ohta H, Kurushima M, Ishikawa N (2016) Photoperiod sensitive cytoplasmic male sterile elite lines for hybrid wheat breeding, showing high cross pollination fertility under long day conditions. Euphytica 212:313–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajan S (2005) Can India produce enough wheat even by 2020? Curr Sci 89:1467–1471

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair SK, Wang N, Turuspekov Y, Pourkheirandish M, Sinsuwongwat S et al (2010) Cleistogamous flowering in barley arises from the suppression of microRNA-guided HvAP2 mRNA cleavage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(1):490–495

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nesvadba Z, Vyhnánek T (2001) Induction of hybrid wheat using the gametocide Genesis® in the Czech Republic. Acta Univ Agric et Silvic Mendel Brun 49:27–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni F, Qi J, Hao Q et al (2017) Wheat Ms2 encodes for an orphan protein that confers male sterility in grass species. Nat Commun 8:15121

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okada A, Arndell T, Borisjuk N, Sharma N, Watson-Haigh NS, Tucker EJ, Baumann U, Langridge P, Whitford R (2019) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Ms1 enables the rapid generation of male-sterile hexaploid wheat lines for use in hybrid seed production. Plant Biotechnol J 17:1905–1913. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oldiges C (2007) Cereal consumption and per capita income in India. pp 63–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Pal B, Alam N (1938) The effect of certain external factors upon the manifestation of hybrid vigour in wheat. Proc Plant Sci 7:109–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Paux E, Roger D, Badaeva E, Gay G, Bernard M et al (2006) Characterizing the composition and evolution of homoeologous genomes in hexaploid wheat through BAC-end sequencing on chromosome 3B. Plant J 48(3):463–474

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Percival J (1921) The wheat plant—a monograph. Duchworth & Co, London, p 463

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson CJ, Moffatt JM, Erickson JR (1997) Yield stability of hybrid vs. pure line hard winter wheat’s in regional performance trials. Crop Sci 37(1):116–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett AA (1993) Hybrid wheat: results and problems. Adv Plant Breed Suppl J Plant Breed 15:1–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Pingali P (2006) Westernization of Asian diets and the transformation of food systems: implications for research and policy. Food Policy 32:281–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.08.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley AT, Oram RN (1959) Genetic male sterility in wheat. Aust Plant Breed Genet Newslett 14:10–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Quamruzzaman M (2006) Integrated nutrient management for sustaining crop productivity and improvement of soil fertility in Bangladesh agriculture. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed) Proceedings of a regional workshop, Beijing, China 12–16 December 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S (2003) Environmental impacts of modern agricultural technology diffusion in Bangladesh: an analysis of farmers’ perceptions and their determinants. J Environ Manage 68:183–191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rauf S, Zaharieva M, Warburton ML, Zhang PZ et al (2015) Breaking wheat yield barriers requires integrated efforts in developing countries. J Integr Agric 14:1447–1474

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray DK, Ramankutty N, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2012) Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation. Nat Commun 3:1293

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray DK, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2013) Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS One 8(6):e66428

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reif JC, Gumpert FM, Fischer S, Melchinger AE (2007) Impact of interpopulation divergence on additive and dominance variance in hybrid populations. Genetics 176(3):1931–1934

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rembe M, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Reif JC (2019) Reciprocal recurrent genomic selection: an attractive tool to leverage hybrid wheat breeding. Theor Appl Genet 132(3):687–698

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds M, Langridge P (2016) Physiological breeding. Curr Opin Plant Biol 31:162–171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds M, Van Beem J, Van Ginkel M, Hoisington D (1996) Breaking the yield barriers in wheat: a brief summary of the outcomes of an international consultation, increasing yield potential in wheat: breaking the barriers. CIMMYT, Mexico DF, pp 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Shamsuddin A (1985) Genetic diversity in relation to heterosis and combining ability in spring wheat. Theor Appl Genet 70:306–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt JW (1962) Hybrid wheat. Nebraska Exp Stn Q Rept Fall 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahinnia F, Geyer M, Block A, Mohler V, Hartl L (2020) Identification of Rf9 and unravelling the genetic complexity for controlling fertility restoration in hybrid wheat. Front Plant Sci 11:1720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.577475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi MS (1985) Discovery and preliminary study on recessive male sterile rice sensitive to light duration. China Agric Sci 2:44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Shull GH (1948) What is heterosis? Genetics 33:439

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK (2005) Character association and path coefficient analysis for yield and floral characters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell). Crop Improv 32(2):124–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Joshi AK (2003) Variability and character association for various floral characters in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) em Thell.]. Ind J Genet Plant Breed 63(2):153–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Singh RM (2001) Variability and character association among floral traits and yield in bread wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) em Thell]. Indian J Plant Genet Resour 14(2):199–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Singh RM (2006) Determination of optimum row ratio for hybrid seed production in wheat. Annu Wheat Newslett 52:56–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Chatrath R, Mishra B (2010) Perspective of hybrid wheat research: a review. Indain J Agric Sci 80:1013–1027

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova EG, Muromtsev GS, Khavkin EE, Yaguzhinskii LS (1995) On the mechanism of selectivity of chemical hybridizing agents. Russ J Plant Physiol 42(6):833–849

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorrells ME, Fritz SE (1982) Application of a dominant male-sterile allele to the improvement of self-pollinated crops. Crop Sci 22:1033–1035

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattaris M, Reynolds MP, Chapman SC (2016) A direct comparison of remote sensing approaches for high-throughput phenotyping in plant breeding. Front Plant Sci 7:1131

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker EJ, Baumann U, Kouidri A, Suchecki R, Baes M et al (2017) Molecular identification of the wheat male fertility gene Ms1 and its prospects for hybrid breeding. Nat Commun 8(1):869. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00945-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2019) World population prospects 2019, World Population Prospects 2019, Total population (both sexes combined) by region, sub region and country, annually for 1950–2100 (thousands) Estimates, 1950–2020. United Nations, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Ginkel M, Ortiz R (2018) Cross the best with the best, and select the best: HELP in breeding selfing crops. Crop Sci 58:17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Virmani SS, Edwards IB (1983) Current status and future prospects for breeding hybrid rice and wheat. Adv Agron 36:145–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanjugi H, Coleman-Derr D, Huo N, Kianian SF, Luo MC et al (2009) Rapid development of PCR-based genome-specific repetitive DNA junction markers in wheat. Genome 52(6):576–587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wegenast T, Longin CFH, Utz HF, Melchinger AE, Maurer HP, Reif JC (2008) Hybrid maize breeding with doubled haploids. IV. Number versus size of crosses and importance of parental selection in two-stage selection for testcross performance. Theor Appl Genet 117:251–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitford R, Fleury D, Reif JC, Garcia M, Okada T et al (2013) Hybrid breeding in wheat: technologies to improve hybrid wheat seed production. J Exp Bot 64(18):5411–5428

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JA (1968) Problems in hybrid wheat breeding. Euphytica 1:13–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JA (1984) Hybrid wheat breeding and commercial seed development. Plant Breed Rev 2:303–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson P (1997) Hybrid wheat development in Australia and a proposal for hybrid wheat blends for developing countries. In: Book of abstracts. The genetics and exploitation of heterosis in crops. An international symposium, Mexico City, 17-22 Aug 1997. CIMMYT, Mexico City, pp 216–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JA, Ross WM (1962) Male sterility interaction of the Triticum aestivum nucleus and Triticum timopheevii cytoplasm. Wheat Inf Serv 14:29–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Winzeler H, Schmid J, Winzeler M (1993) Analysis of the yield potential and yield components of F1 and F2 hybrids of crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.). Euphytica 74(3):211–218

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2020a) World development indicators [WWW Document]. Data Bank, World Dev. Indic. https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#. Accessed 7 Feb 2019

  • World Bank (2020b) DataBank: population estimates and projections [WWW Document]. Popul. Estim. Proj. Resour. Type Query Tool. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=Health Nutrition and Population Statistics: Population estimates and projections. Accessed 26 Jun 2010

  • Wu Y, Yin J, Guo W, Zhu X, Zhang T (2004) Heterosis performance of yield and fibre quality in F1 and F2 hybrids in upland cotton. Plant Breed 123(3):285–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Würschum T, Leiser WL, Weissmann S, Maurer HP (2017) Genetic architecture of male fertility restoration of Triticum timopheevii cytoplasm and fine-mapping of the major restorer locus Rf3 on chromosome 1B. Theor Appl Genet 130(6):1253–1266

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaveri EB, Lobell D (2019) The role of irrigation in changing wheat yields and heat sensitivity in India. Nat Commun 10:4144. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12183-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Shen BZ, Dai XK, Mei MH, Maroof MAS, Li ZB (1994) Using bulked extremes and recessive class to map genes for photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:8675–8679

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Zeng J, Fernando R, Reif JC (2013) Genomic prediction of hybrid wheat performance. Crop Sci 53:802–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Li Z, Liu G, Jiang Y, Maurer HP, Würschum T, Mock HP, Matros A, Ebmeyer E, Schachschneider R (2015) Genome-based establishment of a high-yielding heterotic pattern for hybrid wheat breeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(51):15624–15629

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

First of all we would like to thank Syngenta for supporting hybrid wheat research at CIMMYT for more than 8 years. Similarly, we appreciate CGIAR research program in wheat (CRP WHEAT) for providing financial support to leverage several breeding activities carried out over the last several years. We are very thankful to USDA for providing funding for genetic studies on fertility restoration in collaboration with University of Nebraska and Texas A&M University. Similarly we are very grateful to scientific collaboration and support received from Dr. Stephen Baenziger, Dr. Amir Ibrahim, Dr. Hans Braun, Dr. Peter Wilson, Dr. Ravi Singh, Yann Manes, and Fatima Camarillo for the hybrid wheat research at CIMMYT. Our special thanks goes to Dr. David Bonnett, who played a crucial role to initiate the hybrid research program in 2011 and created a solid foundation for CMS system at CIMMYT. Last but not the least, we would like to thank all the support staffs who worked closely with hybrid wheat program and played the most important role in taking care of all the experiments and data recording in Mexico and India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, Mexico

    Bhoja Raj Basnet, Susanne Dreisigacker, Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb & Umesh Rosyara

  2. Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ludhiana, India

    Arun K. Joshi, Manish K. Vishwakarma, Pradeep Bhati & Uttam Kumar

  3. Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Anil Adhikari

  4. C S Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Jagdish Chaurasiya

Authors
  1. Bhoja Raj Basnet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susanne Dreisigacker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arun K. Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Khondoker Abdul Mottaleb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anil Adhikari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Manish K. Vishwakarma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Pradeep Bhati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Uttam Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jagdish Chaurasiya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Umesh Rosyara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bhoja Raj Basnet .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Prem Lal Kashyap

  2. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Vikas Gupta

  3. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Om Prakash Gupta

  4. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    R. Sendhil

  5. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    K. Gopalareddy

  6. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Poonam Jasrotia

  7. ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Gyanendra Pratap Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Basnet, B.R. et al. (2022). Status and Prospects of Hybrid Wheat: A Brief Update. In: Kashyap, P.L., et al. New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4449-8_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation