Abstract
The coconut industry has great economic importance for the Asia–Pacific region and Brazil. For this reason, researchers have given special attention to coconut shells and fibers as fuel sources. However, other residues as coconut inflorescence wastes (CIW) have been neglected. In this work, CIW were pyrolyzed. Effects of pyrolysis temperature (290–710 °C) and heating rate (2–58 °C∙min−1) were evaluated. A full factorial design (FFD) was developed to identify interaction effects. Product (biochar, gas and bio-oil) yield and phenol concentration in the bio-oil (\(C_{{{\text{Phenol}}}}\)) were the responses investigated. Response surface methodology and central composite design (CCD) were used to obtain optimum conditions. Biomass and bio-oil were further characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) and GC–MS analyses. TG results indicated the FFD levels. Temperature and heating rate showed significant effects on the responses. A linear model was suitable for gas yield, while quadratic models were fitted to other responses. A trade-off analysis between bio-oil yield and \(C_{{{\text{Phenol}}}}\) detected optimum values of 42.9% and 47.1 mg g−1 at 530 ºC and 4.0 ºC min−1. Finally, phenolic compounds accounted for 77.8% of total peak area of the bio-oil based on GC–MS results. Therefore, bio-oil produced by pyrolysis of CIW showed to be a promising source of phenols for industrial use.
Graphical abstract
Article Highlights
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Pyrolysis of coconut inflorescence wastes (CIW) was investigated.
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Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate were evaluated on the responses.
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RSM and CCD were used to obtain maximum product yield and phenol concentration.
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A trade-off analysis based on the desirability function suggested optimum values.
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Coconut inflorescence biomass and bio-oil were characterized by TD/DTG and GC-MS.
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The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education – Capes; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq; Research Support Foundation of the State of Alagoas—FAPEAL; National Agency for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels—ANP, of the Agency for the Financing of Studies and Projects—FINEP—and of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation—MCTI through the Training Program of Human Resources of the ANP for the Oil, Gas and Biofuel Sectors—PRH-ANP/MCTI.
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Farias, R.O., Lins, P.V.S., Gabriel, R. et al. Pyrolysis of Coconut Inflorescence Wastes: Production, Effects of Parameters, Characterization and Optimization of Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil. Int J Environ Res 16, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00393-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-022-00393-x