Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Defeating the Impacts of Changing Climates

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Mitigating Climate Change (TELAC 2021)

Part of the book series: Springer Proceedings in Energy ((SPE))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

The Earth’s climate has changed several times during the last million years, with many instances of glacial expansion often resulting in drought, famine, and floods. Our human ancestors adapted to these changes, mostly by geographic migration, but if they took no adaptive measures, or were unable to, they likely did not survive. After the last major ice age, the Holocene (the last 11,700 years of Earth’s history) began and the gradually warming Earth enabled homo sapiens, especially those living in the geographic lucky latitudes, to develop agricultural food production and domesticate animals; two of the vital elements which led to the establishment of modern civilizations and societies. More recently, over the past 3 centuries, the global human population has increased by a factor of about 8 and it is forecast, by the United Nations, to increase by at least another 30% from today until the end of the twenty-first century. This recent era of population explosion coincided with an increase in the global consumption of fossil energy, which is now 1400 times greater than at the start of eighteenth century. There were positive outcomes from such energy use but, increasingly, there are concerns about the high possibility of damaging climate effects from fossil fuel emissions, such as Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Subsequently, in addition to natural climate changes brought about by volcanic eruptions, disruptive solar activity, earthquakes, and periodic orbital cycle variances, anthropogenic (caused by human activity) influences must also be taken in account. Can adaptation alone address the vagaries of changing climates? It appears not, and there is a global belief that only the mitigation of GHG emissions will restore the Earth’s inherent ability to accommodate changing climates. So, for the past two decades, global governments focused-on mitigation measures involving transitions away from fossil fuels to renewable energies. But will the mitigation of anthropogenic affects also reduce the impact of natural changes on climate? Can we afford to overlook adaptation strategies until mitigation is successful? If not, what adaptation strategies will be needed to avoid local weather and climate disasters? Meaningful combinations of mitigation and adaptation to defeat the harmful impacts of changing climates do not appear to receive palpable financial support. Why not? These questions are discussed in this chapter.

This Chapter is partly based on an extended abstract presented at the Thriving Through Climate Change and Pandemic 2021, Symposium and Industrial Summit, June 24–25, held at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ttccap/.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Climate Scientists now tend to use the term projection rather than prediction.

  2. 2.

    Defined in Article 1 UN https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf, 1992.

  3. 3.

    There appears to be some disagreement about the exact date.

  4. 4.

    After a quoted year, CE stands for the common era, while BCE stands for before the common era.

  5. 5.

    Not in the thermodynamic sense using the Kelvin scale.

  6. 6.

    To date, only small-pox has been eradicated in the past two centuries.

  7. 7.

    A tenet attributed to the Dutch philosopher Desiderius Erasmus at the start of the sixteenth century.

  8. 8.

    Afforestation is the establishment of forests, through planting and/or deliberate seeding, on land that, until then, was not classified as forest.

  9. 9.

    The term ocean acidification if often used to describe decreasing ocean alkalinity although the oceans still are alkaline.

  10. 10.

    Formerly referred to as continental drift.

  11. 11.

    Milankovitch graduated in Civil Engineer both as an undergraduate and postgraduate student. He is often referred to as a geophysicist, astronomer, scientist and, more recently, a climatologist!

  12. 12.

    Also known as erractics.

References

  1. R.P. Overend, Biomass energy heat provision for cooking and heating in developing countries, in Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass). Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series ed by M. Kaltschmitt (Springer, New York, 2019), pp. 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7813-7_315

  2. World Health Organization (WHO) Household air pollution and health: Key Facts (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health

  3. H. Ritchie, M. Roser, Access to energy. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/energy-access [Online Resource] (2019)

  4. J. Randers, U. Goluke, An earth system model shows self-sustained thawing of permafrost even if all man-made GHG emissions stop in 2020. Sci Rep 10, 18456 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75481-z

  5. IPCC, in Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. by Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri, and L.A. Meyer (IPCC, Geneva, 2014), 151 p

    Google Scholar 

  6. A. Buis, Study Confirms Climate Models Are Getting Future Warming Projections Right (2020). https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2943/study-confirms-climate-models-are-getting-future-warming-projections-right/

  7. L. Carroll, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There (Chapter VI) (MacMillan & Co., London, 1871). https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12/12-h/12-h.htm#link2HCH0006

  8. R. Alley, 4.6 Billion Years of Earth’s Climate History: The Role of CO2 (2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujkcTZZlikg&t=184s

  9. NASA, Earth our home planet (2019). https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/in-depth/

  10. J. Haigh, The sun and the climate (2013). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSsTZJ8Ff4Q

  11. W. Soon, E.D. Bloom, Global Warming Fact or Fiction? Independent Institute (2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zrejG-WI3U

  12. A. Buis, The Atmosphere: Getting a Handle on Carbon Dioxide (2019). https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2915/the-atmosphere-getting-a-handle-on-carbon-dioxide/

  13. A google scholar search of global warming articles yields 2,360,000 references and citations

    Google Scholar 

  14. S. Carana, In 2016 it was 1.5 °C warmer than pre-industrial. Arctic News. Accessed 24 Feb 2021. http://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/temperature.html

  15. NOAA-NCEI, Global Climate Report (March) (2020). https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/202003

  16. R. Lindsay, L. Dahlman, Climate Change: Global Temperature (2020). https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature

  17. United Nations, The Paris Agreement (2021). https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement

  18. IPCC AR5, Synthesis Report Glossary (2014). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/01/SYRAR5-Glossary_en.pdf

  19. NASA, Global Climate Change: Global Temperature, 17 Feb 2021. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/

  20. IPCC, Global Warming of 1.5 °C, Special Report (2018). https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

  21. Earth Systems Research Laboratories—NOAA, Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (2021). https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

  22. SkepticalScience, CO2 lags temperature—what does it mean? Accessed 25 Feb 2021. https://skepticalscience.com/co2-lags-temperature-advanced.htm

  23. IPCC, Working Group 3. AR5 Climate Change: Mitigation of Climate Change. Annex 1: 1251 (2014), pp. 1266–1267. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_annex-i.pdf

  24. R. Macquarie et al., Updated view on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019. Climate Policy Initiative, London (2020), p 37. https://www.climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Updated-View-on-the-2019-Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance-1.pdf

  25. L.A. Duguma et al., A systematic analysis of enabling conditions for synergy between climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in developing countries. Environ. Sci. Policy 42, 138–148 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/jenvsci:2014.06.003

  26. UK Department of Health & Social Care, Prevention is better than cure: pp 41 (2018). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/753688/Prevention_is_better_than_cure_5-11.pdf

  27. Cambridge Dictionary. Prevention is better than cure. Last accessed 25 Feb 2021. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prevention-is-better-than-cure

  28. I. Kelman et al., in Climate and Climate Change: 11–17. Thinking Beyond Sectors for Sustainable Development, ed. by J. Waage, C. Yap (Ubiquity Press, London, 2015). https://doi.org/10.5334/bao.b

  29. Climate Action Tracker (CAT), Warming Projections Global Update December 2020: p. 19 (2020). https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/829/CAT_2020-1201_Briefing_GlobalUpdate_Paris5Years_Dec2020.pdf

  30. R.B. Rood, If we stopped emitting greenhouse gases right now, would be stop climate change? (2017) https://theconversation.com/if-we-stopped-emitting-greenhouse-gases-right-now-would-we-stop-climate-change-78882

  31. UK Committee on Climate Change, The Sixth Carbon Budget, The UK’s path to Net Zero: 448 (2020). https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/sixth-carbon-budget/

  32. M. Sevel, Obeying the law. Legal Theory 24(3), 191–215 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352325218000101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. IPCC, in Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. by B. Metz et al. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2007). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg3/

  34. IPCC, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. AR2-The Second Assessment Report: pp 588 (1995). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_sar_wg_I_full_report.pdf

  35. S. Weart, Climate Modification Schemes American Institute of Physics (2018). https://history.aip.org/climate/RainMake.htm

  36. A. ReShel, The Indigenous Art of Rainmaking. UPLIFT, 8 Jan 2020. https://upliftconnect.com/ancient-indigenous-rainmaking/

  37. Wikipedia, Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention

  38. W.W. Kellogg, S.H. Schneider, Climate stabilization: for better or worse? Science 186(4170), 1163–1172 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4170.1163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Wikipedia, Global Cooling (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_coolingglobalcooling

  40. J. Carter, Presidential Address to the Nation on Energy, 18 Apr 1977. UVA-Miller Center (1977). https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/april-18-1977-address-nation-energy

  41. UN General Assembly, 43rd Session, 70th plenary meeting, Resolutions adopted on the reports of the Second Committee:134, paragraph 5, Resolution 43/53 (1988). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/02/UNGA43-53.pdf

  42. UNFCC, What is the Kyoto Protocol? (2021) https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol

  43. IPCC, Policymakers Summary, Working Group I, First Assessment Report (1992). https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ipcc_far_wg_I_spm.pdf

  44. BP, Energy Outlook 2020 Edition (2020). https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/energy-outlook/bp-energy-outlook-2020.pdf

  45. IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (2014). https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar5/

  46. A. Buis, A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter. NASA’s Global Climate Change website (2021). https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/

  47. IPCC, The Physical Science Basis: Technical Summary, AR5 Climate Change (2013). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/technical-summary/

  48. V. Smil, Energy and Civilization A History (The MIT press, Cambridge, 2017). ISBN 9780262035774

    Google Scholar 

  49. H. Ritchie, Energy Mix: Our World in Data (2020). https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/long-term-energy-transitions?country=~PRT

  50. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Report Card on America’s Infrastructure: Overview of Dams (2021). https://infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Dams-2021.pdf

  51. Canadian Small Modular Reactor Roadmap Steering Committee, A Call to Action: A Canadian Roadmap for Small Modular Reactors. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (2018). https://smrroadmap.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/SMRroadmap_EN_nov6_Web-1.pdf?x64773

  52. International Atomic Energy Authority (IAEA), Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments: pp 354 (2020). https://aris.iaea.org/Publications/SMR_Book_2020.pdf

  53. Global Solar Atlas (2020). https://globalsolaratlas.info/map

  54. Global Wind Atlas (2021). https://globalwindatlas.info/

  55. International Energy Agency (IEA), Hydrogen (2021). https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/hydrogen

  56. J.M. Norbeck et al., Hydrogen Fuel for Surface Transportation. Society of Automotive Engineers, USA (1996). 1-56091-684-2

    Google Scholar 

  57. S. Satyapal, US Department of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office Overview, Fossil Energy Hydrogen Workshop, 23 Jul 2020 (2020). https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/HFTO%20EERE%20DOE%20FE%20H2%20workshop%20Sunita%20Satyapal%207%2023%202020.pdf

  58. Kogas Research Institute, Natural Gas to Hydrogen Fuel Station (2019). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYQ89hmBlbM&t=68s

  59. USEIA, Biomass Explained: Biomass is an all-encompassing term which includes wood, agricultural crops, many types of waste materials (garbage), alcohol fuels, landfill gas, and biogas produced from animal and human sewage (2020). https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/biomass/

  60. J. Laganière et al., Range and uncertainties in estimating delays in greenhouse gas mitigation potential of forest bioenergy sourced from Canadian forests. GCB Bioenergy 9, 358–369 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. B. Holtsmark, Use of wood fuels from boreal forests will create a biofuel carbon debt with a long payback time. Statistics Norway, Research Department, Discussions Paper 637 (2010). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/192619/1/dp637.pdf

  62. United States National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Terrestrial Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: pp 88 (2010). https://www.netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/BPM_Terrestrial.pdf

  63. IPCC, Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 6 volumes published by IGES (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies). ISBN 4-88788-032-4 (2006). https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html

  64. IPCC, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, ed. by E. Calvo Buendia Published by the IPCC (2019). ISBN 978-4-88788-232-4 (2019). https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/index.html

  65. IPCC, Harvested Wood Products. Chapter 12 of reference [64]. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/4_Volume4/19R_V4_Ch12_HarvestedWoodProducts.pdf

  66. NRDC 2014 Burning Trees for Electricity Will Accelerate Climate Change and Destroy Southern Forests. https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/burning-trees-southern-forests-FS.pdf

  67. USEIA 2021 Monthly Energy Review March, Report DOE/EIA-0035(2021/3). https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf

  68. C. Harvey, N. Heikkinen, Congress Says Biomass Is Carbon-Neutral but Scientists Disagree (2018). https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/congress-says-biomass-is-carbon-neutral-but-scientists-disagree/

  69. Wikipedia (2021) Carbon capture and storage. Last accessed 21 Apr 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage

  70. Oxburgh (2016) LOWEST COST DECARBONISATION FOR THE UK: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF CCS. Report to the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from the Parliamentary Advisory Group on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). https://www.sccs.org.uk/images/expertise/reports/oxford/oxburgh_report_the_critical_role_of_CCS.pdf

  71. National Research Council, Global Sources of Local Pollution: An Assessment of Long-Range Transportation of Key Air Pollutants to and from the Unites States (The National Academies Press, Washington, 2010), pp 249. https://doi.org/10.17226/12743

  72. ibid. Chapter 3, Particulate Matter: 67–96 (2010). https://www.nap.edu/read/12743/chapter/3

  73. M.S. Javed et al., Solar and wind power generation systems with pumped hydro storage: review and future perspectives. Renew. Energy 148, 176–192 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. J.R. Marlon, B. Bloodhart, M. Ballew, J. Rolfe-Redding, C. Rosser-Renouf, A. Leiserowitz, E. Maibach, How Hope and Doubt Affect Climate Change Mobilization. Front. Commun. (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00020

  75. D.A. Stecula, E. Merkley, Framing climate change: economics, ideology, and uncertainty in American news media content from 1988 to 2014. Front. Commun. (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2019.00006

  76. UNFCC, National Determined Contributions (NDC)s (2021). https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs

  77. SCC-CSA, Decision with reference to the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (2021). https://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/cb/2021/38663-38781-39116-eng.aspx

  78. J. Gerster, Is a carbon tax Canada’s best option to help the environment? Global News (2018). https://globalnews.ca/news/4291256/carbon-tax-do-they-work/

  79. OECD, Effective Carbon Rates 2018 (2018). https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/effective-carbon-rates-2018-brochure.pdf

  80. K. Amadeo, E. Estevez, Carbon Tax, Its Purpose and How it Works: How a carbon tax can solve climate change. The Balance, updated 27 Oct 2020 (2020). https://www.thebalance.com/carbon-tax-definition-how-it-works-4158043

  81. Globe Staff, Canada’s carbon pricing: How much is it and how does it work? What you need to know. The Globe and Mail, 26 Mar 2021, updated 26 Mar 2021 (2021). https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canada-carbon-tax-explained/

  82. P. Clarke, Meat Eaters or Vegetarians: Who has the better arguments? Farmers Weekly (2019). https://www.fwi.co.uk/livestock/health-welfare/meat-eaters-or-vegetarians-who-has-the-better-arguments

  83. M. Baker, What UK Path to Net Zero Report Gets Wrong. Streamed 14 Dec 2020 (2020). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sok5Tn_MaS8&t=575s

  84. Harvard School of Public Health, Strategies to reduce red meat and elevate your plate (2021). https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/elevate-your-plate/

  85. H. Ritchie, M. Roser, Forests and Deforestation. Published online at Our world in data (2021). https://ourworldindata.org/forests-and-deforestation

  86. M. Metropulos, Newsletter: What to know about soy. MedicalNewsToday, 22 Oct 2019 (2019). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320472#benefits

  87. H. Ritchie, Palm Oil. Published online at Our world in data (2021). https://ourworldindata.org/palm-oil

  88. FAO and UNEP, The State of the World’s Forests 2020: Forests, biodiversity and people (FAO and UNEP Rome, Italy, 2020). https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en

  89. J.-F. Basin et al. The global tree restoration potential. Science 365, 76–79 (2019). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6448/76

  90. FAO and UNEP, The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people (FAO and UNEP Rome, Italy, 2020). https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en

  91. J.G. Da Silva, A. Steiner, E. Solheim, Forests: A natural solution to climate change, crucial for a sustainable future (2018). https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2018/Forests-A-natural-solution-to-climate-change-crucial-for-a-sustainable-future.html

  92. F. Pearce, Conflicting Data: How Fast Is the World Losing its Forests? Yale Environment 360 (2018). https://e360.yale.edu/features/conflicting-data-how-fast-is-the-worlds-losing-its-forests.

  93. Global Change Data Lab, Published online at Our world in data. Last accessed 21 Apr 2021 (2021). https://ourworldindata.org/

  94. Earth.org, What is the Kyoto Protocol? (2020) https://earth.org/the-kyoto-protocol/

  95. NOAA, Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Earth Systems Research Laboratories. Last accessed 15 Apr 2021 (2021). https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends

  96. H. Ritchie, M. Roser, CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Published online at Our world in data (2020). https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions

  97. Whitehouse.gov. Statements and Releases: Paris Climate Agreement. 20 Jan 2021 (2021). https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/

  98. UNEP, The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (2020). https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol

  99. United States Department of State. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. Last accessed 15 Apr 2021. https://www.state.gov/key-topics-office-of-environmental-quality-and-transboundary-issues/the-montreal-protocol-on-substances-that-deplete-the-ozone-layer/

  100. The Royal Society, Geoengineering the climate: Science, governance and uncertainty, A study chaired, ed. by J. Shepherd, pp 98 (2009). https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/

  101. Cambridge Dictionary™ Geoengineering. Last accessed 16 Apr 2021 (2021). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/geo-engineering

  102. Oxford University, What is geoengineering? (2018) http://www.geoengineering.ox.ac.uk/www.geoengineering.ox.ac.uk/what-is-geoengineering/what-is-geoengineering/

  103. J.G. Shepherd, Geoengineering the climate: an overview and update. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 379, 4166–4175 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. J. Griffiths, China to expand weather modification program to cover area larger than India. CNN news 3 Dec 2020 (2020). https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/03/asia/china-weather-modification-cloud-seeding-intl-hnk/index.html

  105. Deutsche Welle, Fine-Tuning the Climate. DW Documentary, 14 Oct 2020 (2020). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Enrzgrl1w

  106. United States House of Representatives. Geoengineering: Assessing the Implications of Large-Scale Climate Intervention; Serial #111–62,111–75 and #111–88, Washington DC (2010). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg53007/pdf/

  107. A. Cohen, A Bill Gates Venture Aims To Spray Dust Into The Atmosphere To Block The Sun. What Could Go Wrong? Forbes, 11 Jan 2021 (2021). https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/01/11/bill-gates-backed-climate-solution-gains-traction-but-concerns-linger/?sh=4bf1e6fa793b

  108. E. Pontecorvo, The climate policy milestone that was buried in the 2020 budget. Grist, 8 Jan 2020 (2020). https://grist.org/climate/the-climate-policy-milestone-that-was-buried-in-the-2020-budget/

  109. M. Geshko et al., What are mass extinctions, and what causes them? National Geographic Science (2019). https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mass-extinction

  110. E. Wolff, I. Fung et al., Climate Change Evidence and Causes: Update 2020. An overview for the Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences: pp 36 (2020). https://royalsociety.org/~/media/royal_society_content/policy/projects/climate-evidence-causes/climate-change-evidence-causes.pdf

  111. M. Denchak, Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know (2019). https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-know

  112. N. Watts et al., The 2020 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. The Lancet 397(10269), 129–170. 9 Jan 2021, available online 14 Dec 2020 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X

  113. USGS The 100-Year Flood. Last accessed 25 Feb 2021. https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/100-year-flood?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

  114. D. Spade, K. de Beurs, M. Shafer, Major over- and underestimation of drought found in NOAA’s climate divisional SPI dataset. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 59(9), 1469–1480 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0272.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. J. Keyantash, The Climate Data Guide: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (2018). Retrieved from https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/standardized-precipitation-index-spi

  116. R. Dhawale, S.K. Paul, Moving from Crisis Management to Risk Assessment for Drought Planning Using Standardized Precipitation (SPI) and Standardized Groundwater Level index (SWI): Case Study of Marathwada, India. Contributing Paper to Global Assessment Report (GAR) (2019). https://www.preventionweb.net/files/65843_f214dhawalecrisismanagementtoriskma.pdf

  117. UNDRR, Building Risk Knowledge (2020). https://www.undrr.org/building-risk-knowledge

  118. T. Means, What is Plate Tectonics? LiveScience (2021). https://www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html

  119. A. Cofer, K. Rogers, Earthquake-resistant construction. Encyclopedia Britannica (2015). https://www.britannica.com/technology/earthquake-resistant-construction. Accessed 4 June 2021

  120. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) Disaster Risk Reduction for Coastal Zone Managers. Regional Training Manual, pp 59, https://www.preventionweb.net/files/13190_AIDCORegionalTrainingManual.pdf

  121. T. Dowdeswell, J. Dowdeswell, Carbon Cycle, The Science Learning Hub – Pokapū Akoranga Pūtaiao, University of Waikato (2021). https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/3-carbon-cycle

  122. NOAA. Carbon Dioxide and the Carbon Cycle. Last accessed 4 June 2021. https://gml.noaa.gov/education/info_activities/pdfs/TBI_co2_and_the_carbon_cycle.pdf

  123. D. Müller, How plate tectonics drives the geological carbon cycle (2018). https://www.college-de-france.fr/media/en-barbara-romanowicz/UPL7555897769537933320_16_dietmar_muller_2018.pdf

  124. J. Barbuzano, Three times tectonics changed the climate, Eos, 100 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO136786. Published on 22 November

  125. B.J. Foley, The Role of Plate Tectonic–Climate Coupling and Exposed Land Area in the development of habitable climates on rocky planets. Astrophys. J. 812, 36, 23pp (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/36; available at https://earthscience.rice.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2015Foley_ApJ_812_36.pdf

  126. D. Horne, Milankovitch Cycles, Parts 1–6. Last accessed 5 June 2021. https://www.rosecityastronomers.net/newsletter-content/2017/4/1/imprints-milankovich-orbital-cycles-and-earths-ice-ages

  127. Wikipedia, Milutin Milanković (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Milankovi%C4%87

  128. Wikipedia, Milankovitch Cycles (2021). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles

  129. NASA Earth Observatory, Milutin Milankovitch (2000). https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_3.php

  130. W. Schwarzacher, The Milankovitch theory. Develop. Sedimentol. 52, 29–48 (1993) Chapter 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70418-7

  131. R. Stull, Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based survey of Atmospheric Science. Version 1.02b. pp 944 (2017). ISBN 13: 978-0-88865-283-6; https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/

  132. American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Milutin Milankovitch: Seeking the Cause of the Ice Ages. Last accessed 5 June 2021. https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/earth-inside-and-out/milutin-milankovitch-seeking-the-cause-of-the-ice-ages

  133. S.M. Vicente-Serrano, The Climate Data Guide: Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (2015). Retrieved from: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/standardized-precipitation-evapotranspiration-index-spei

  134. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (2020). https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/d765cc41-8ee0-4aca-be4b-084448e52a58

  135. S. Shamshirband et al., Predicting standardized streamflow index for hydrological drought using machine learning models. Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech. 14(1), 339–350 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2020.1715844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. University Corporation of Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Basic Hydrological Science Course: Flood Frequency Analysis, Section 1 (2006). http://stream1.cmatc.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/flood/comet/hydro/basic/FloodFrequency/print_version/01-introduction.htm

  137. S. Casadei et al., A new approach to calculate the water exploitation index (WEI+). Water 12(3227) (2020). www.mdpi.com/journal/water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113227

  138. USEPA (AirNow). Air Quality Index (AQI) Basics. Last accessed 21 Apr 2021. https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/

  139. NOAA. U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI). Last accessed 21 Apr 2021. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/cei/definition

  140. S. Latchman, Quantifying the Risk of Natural Catastrophes, Understanding Uncertainty (2010). http://understandinguncertainty.org/node/622

  141. A. Sharifi, A.M. Khavarian-Garmsir, The Covid-19 pandemic: impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Sci. Total Environ. 740, Article 1422391, 12 (2020). htpps://doi.org.https://doi.org/10.1016/J.scitotenv.2020.142391

  142. D. McEvoy, S. Lindley, J. Handley, Adaptation and mitigation in urban areas: synergies and conflicts. Municipal Eng. 159(4), 185–191 (2006). Published online 25 May 2015. https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.2006.159.4.185

  143. M. Grasso, Justice in Funding Adaptation under the International Climate Change Regime (Springer, 2010). ISBN 978-90-481-3438-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3439-7

  144. R. Kongsager, B. Locatelli, F. Chazarin, Addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation together: a global assessment of agriculture and forestry projects. Environ. Manag. 57, 271–282 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0605-y

  145. J.R. Porter et al., Food security and food production systems. Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change, Op.Cit. [16] (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  146. S. Grafakos et al., Analytical framework to evaluate the level of integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in cities. Clim. Change 154, 87–106 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02394-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. E. Schipper, F. Lisa, Maladaptation: when adaptation to climate change goes very wrong. One Earth 3(4), 409–414 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. A.V. Gougherty, S.R. Keller, M.C. Fitzpatrick, Maladaptation, migration and extirpation fuel climate change risk in a forest tree species. Nat. Climate Change 11, 166–171 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00968-6

  149. A. Sharifi, Trade-offs and conflicts between urban climate change mitigation and adaptation measures: a literature review. J. Cleaner Prod. 276, Article 122813, 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016//j.jclepro.2020.122813

  150. A. Magnan, G. Mainguy, Avoiding maladaptation to climate change: towards guiding principles. Open Edition J.-Sapiens 7(1) (2014). https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1680

  151. D.B.K. Dovie, Case for equity between Paris climate agreement’s co-benefits and adaptation. Sci. Total Environ. 656, 732–739 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. G. Fedele et al., Transformative adaptation to climate change for sustainable social-ecological systems. Environ. Sci. Policy 101, 116–125 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Op.Cit. Reference [26]

    Google Scholar 

  154. S. Winkelman, S. Udvarady, Connecting The Dots: Adaptation+ Mitigation Synergies, Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP), Washington DC, 6 November 2013. http://ccap.org/connecting-the-dots-adaptation-mitigation-synergies/

  155. K. Handayani et al., Seeking for a climate change mitigation and adaptation nexus: analysis of a long-term power system expansion. Appl. Energy 262, article 114485 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114485.

  156. T. Lee, H. Yang, A. Blok, Does mitigation shape adaptation? The urban mitigation-adaptation nexus. Climate Policy 20(3), 341–353 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1730152

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, Canada

    Graham T. Reader

Authors
  1. Graham T. Reader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Graham T. Reader .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Turbulence and Energy Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

    David S.-K. Ting

  2. Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, USA

    Ahmad Vasel-Be-Hagh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Reader, G.T. (2022). Defeating the Impacts of Changing Climates. In: Ting, D.SK., Vasel-Be-Hagh, A. (eds) Mitigating Climate Change. TELAC 2021. Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92148-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92148-4_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-92147-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-92148-4

  • eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation