Skip to main content

Abstract

According to the United Nations’ sponsored program on happiness, the world’s worst place to live your life is in a fictional country called dystopia [1]. The virtual opposite of “utopia,” dystopia is an imaginary land where happiness is all but absent in the lives of the distraught and unfortunate citizenry, where misery, poverty, starvation, and insecurity rule each day. In the UN’s report on happiness, no nation on the planet could ever be statistically or theoretically worse off than the hard-hearted world of dystopia. That is until the folks at the Happiness Index decided to take a closer look at the Central African Republic. So brutally unhappy is life in that central African nation that to preserve dystopia’s statistical position on the bottom of the happiness ladder – as the worst-of-everything country – the statisticians at the Happiness Index had to lower dystopia’s ranking from 2.33 on the ladder to 1.85. Without this tweaking of misery, the Central African Republic would have ranked worse off than the unhappiest place imaginable [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. The World Happiness Report 2017. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. United Nations. URL: worldhappiness.report.

    Google Scholar 

  2. The World Happiness Report 2017. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. United Nations. URL: worldhappiness.report. FAQ.

    Google Scholar 

  3. For some interesting country comparisons, see the URL: ifitweremyhome.com originally developed to compare the spill of Deepwater Horizon’s spill on the world map but now expanded to include world demographic, public health, and economic comparatives.

  4. Case N. Dying infants and no medicine: inside Venezuela’s failing hospitals. The New York Times. May 15, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  5. ReliefWeb Central African Republic. Also see, Central African Republic: nearly one in five children is a refugee or internally displaced. UNICEF website.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Amnesty International. Central African Republic 2016/2017 Annual Report. Amnesty.org.

  7. World Happiness Report 2017. Executive summary. Worldhappiness.report.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ifitweremyhome.com for comparisons.

    Google Scholar 

  9. OECD Better Life Index at www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org.

  10. OECD Better Life Index at www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org. One can alter the metrics used and see the results (rankings) change.

  11. Kahneman D, Deaton A. High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional wellbeing. In Doug short: happiness revisited: a household income of $75K? Council for Community & Economic Research.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bryner J. Happiness Is … Making More Money than the Next Guy. Live Science. March 19, 2010. www.livescience.com.

  13. Boyce CJ, Brown GD, Moore SC. Money and happiness: rank of income, not income, affects life satisfaction. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(4):471–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions website. https://geert-hofstede.com/costa-rica.html.

  15. Op cit.

    Google Scholar 

  16. The World Bank Global Health Expenditure Database. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.TOTL.ZS.

  17. Buettner D. The Blue Zones: 9 Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest. Washington DC: The National Geographic Society; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mishra BN. Secret of eternal youth; teaching from the centenarian hot spots (“Blue Zones”). Indian J Community Med. 2009;34(4):273–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.58380.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Nobel Laureates: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2009/.

  20. Saltus R. Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice: control of telomerase gene appears to control process: The Harvard Gazette. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/11/partial-reversal-of-aging-achieved-in-mice/.

  21. Lapham K, et al. Automated assay of telomere length measurement and informatics for 100,000 subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) cohort. Genetics. 2015;200(4):1061–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rehkopf D, et al.. Telomere length in costa Rica’s high longevity blue zone. The Population Association of America Annual Meeting. 2011. http://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/112258.

  23. Marchant J. Oorest cost Ricans live longest. Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Marchant J. Poorest cost Ricans live longest. Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Grossman R, Leroux C. A new ‘Roseto effect’. Chicago Tribune. 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Egolf B, Lasker J, Wolf S, Potvin L. The Roseto effect: a 50-year comparison of mortality rates. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(8):1089–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Stout C, Morrow J, Brandt EN, Wolf S. Unusually low incidence of death from myocardial infarction study of an Italian American community in Pennsylvania. JAMA. 1964;188(10):845–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Interview in People Magazine by Kay Cassill, June 16, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Epel E. et al. Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. 2004

    Google Scholar 

  30. Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes. Hum Relations. 1954;7(2):117–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Becker AE. Body, Self, and Society: The View from Fiji. University of Pennsylvania Press. See also, Ireland Corydon, Fijian girls succumb to Western dysmorphia, in Harvard Gazette, Science and Health, Culture and Society. March 19, 2009. News.harvard.edu. 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Becker found that 45% of girls had purged in the last month.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Halliday J. War veteran who escaped care home to attend D-day ceremony dies aged 90, The Guardian 6, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  34. D-Day veteran Bernard Jordan’s wife Irene dies aged 88, The Guardian. Press Association. Thursday January 8, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Is Broken Heart Syndrome Real? American Heart Association. www.heart.org

  36. King M, Lodwick R, Jones R, Whitaker H, Petersen I. Death following partner bereavement: a self-controlled case series analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173870.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Liz Mineo, Good genes are nice, but joy is better. Harvard Gazette. April 11, 2017. Ted Talk video embedded. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/04/over-nearly-80-years-harvard-study-has-been-showing-how-to-live-a-healthy-and-happy-life/

  38. Karen Higginbottom, Workplace stress leads to less productive employees. Forbes Magazine, September 11, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Logan JG, Barksdale DJ. Allostasis and allostatic load: expanding the discourse on stress and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Nurs. 2008;17:201–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02347.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. McEwen BS. Interacting mediators of allostasis and allostatic load: towards an understanding of resilience in aging. Metabolism. 2003;52:10–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Etzion D. Moderating effect of social support on the stress–burnout relationship. J Appl Psychol. 1984;69(4):615–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Seeman T. Social relationships, gender, and allostatic load across two age cohorts. Psychosomatic Med. 2002;64:395–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Centre for Disease Control. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm.

  44. Umberson D, Montez JK. Social relationships and health: a flashpoint for health policy. J Health Social Behav. 2010;51(Suppl):S54–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert S. Barrett .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Barrett, R.S., Francescutti, L.H. (2021). The Truth About Happiness. In: Hardwired: How Our Instincts to Be Healthy are Making Us Sick. Copernicus, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51729-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51729-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Copernicus, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51728-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51729-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics