Skip to main content

People of African American Heritage

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Textbook for Transcultural Health Care: A Population Approach

Abstract

African Americans are the second largest minority population in the United States. They are at greater risk for many diseases, especially those associated with low-income, stressful life conditions, lack of access to primary health care, and negating health behaviors such as violence, poor dietary habits, lack of exercise, and lack of importance placed on seeking primary health care early. In addition, African Americans carry the burden of several diseases, which is reflected in higher rates of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, stroke, hepatitis, cancer, asthma, and human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). This chapter provides insight and knowledge regarding the health status, traditions, values, beliefs, and practices of African Americans and implications for culturally specific patient care.

The current chapter is a revision written by Josepha Campinha-Bacote of the original chapter in the previous edition of the book.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aaron K, Levine D, Burstin H (2003) African American church participation and health care practices. J Gen Intern Med 18(11):908–913

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abdullah T, Brown T (2011) Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev 31:934–948

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adamsons K, Johnson SK (2013) An updated and expanded meta-analysis of nonresident fathering and child well-being. J Fam Psychol 27(4):589–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Airen O (2017) The color ceiling: African Americans still fighting for equity and equality. J Hum Serv Train Res Prac 2(1). http://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/jhstrp/vol2/iss1/1

  • Alberg A, Nonemaker J (2008) Who is at high risk for lung cancer? Population-level and individual-level perspectives. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 29(3):223–232

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alblowi M, Alosaimi D (2015) Tardive dyskinesia occurring in a young woman after withdrawal of an atypical antipsychotic drug. Neuroscience (Riyadh) 20(4):376–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Allender J, Spradley B (2001) Community health nursing: concepts and practice. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison KC, Wrotniak BH, Paré E, Sarwer DB (2012) Psychosocial characteristics and gestational weight change among overweight, African American pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol Int 2012:878607

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society (2019) Cancer facts and figures for African Americans 2019–2021. Author, Atlanta. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans/cancer-facts-and-figures-for-african-americans-2019-2021.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Andermann A (2016) Taking action on the social determinants of health in clinical practice: a framework for health professionals. Can Am J (CMAJ) 188(17–18):E474–E483

    Google Scholar 

  • Appiah C (2019) Capitalizing on my African American Christian heritage in the cultivation of spiritual formation and contemplative spiritual disciplines. George Fox University, Portland. Doctor of Ministry, p 288. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1287&context=dmin

  • Archibald A (2019) Perspective: work-related stress and mortality among black men. Ethn Dis 29(1):21–22

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asiodu IV, Waters CM, Dailey DE, Lyndon A (2017) Infant feeding decision-making and the influences of social support persons among first-time African American mothers. Matern Child Health J 21(4):863–872

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Banini A, Allen J, Boyd L, Lartey A (2003) Fatty acids, diet, and body indices of type II diabetic American Whites and Blacks and Ghanaians. Nutrition 19(9):722–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbarin OA (1983) Coping with ecological transitions by black families: a psychosocial model. J Community Psychol 11(4):308–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett R (1998) Sociocultural considerations for working with Blacks experiencing loss and grief. In: Doka KJ, Davidson JD (eds) Living with grief: who we are, how we grieve, pp 83–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton J, Rogerson M (2017) The importance of greenspace for mental health. BJPsych Int 14(4):79–81

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer K, Rock K, Nazzal M, Jones O, Qu W (2016) Pressure ulcers in the United States’ inpatient population from 2008 to 2012: results of a retrospective nationwide study. Ostomy Wound Manage 62(11):30–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker G, Gates RJ, Newsom E (2004) Self-care among chronically ill African Americans: culture, health disparities, and health insurance status. Am J Public Health 94(12):2066–2073

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert R, Tate N (2008) Trust of nurse provider and physicians among African Americans with hypertension. J Am Acad Nurse Provider 20(5):273–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Billingsley A (1968) Black families in White America. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Black M, Siegel E, Abel Y, Bentley M (2001) Home and videotape intervention delays early complementary feeding among adolescent mothers. Pediatrics 107(5):E67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell D, Lucas J, Clarke T (2014) Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Vital Health Stat 10(260):i-161. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair IV, Havaranek EP, Price DW, Hanratty R, Fairclough DL, Farley T et al (2013) Assessment of biases against Latinos and African Americans among primary care providers and community members. Am J Public Health 103:92–98

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blank M, Mahmood M, Fox J, Guterbock T (2002) Alternative mental health services: the role of the black church in the south. Am J Public Health 92:1668–1672

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd E, Taylor S, Shimp L, Semler C (2000) An assessment of home remedy use by African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 92(7):341–353

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite R, Taylor S, Austin J (2000) Building health coalitions in the black community. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridge J, Asti L, Horowitz L, Greenhouse J, Fontanella C, Sheftall A et al (2015) Suicide trends among elementary school-aged children in the United States from 1993 to 2012. J Am Med Assoc Pediatr 169(7):673–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody H, Hunt L (2006) BiDil: assessing a race-based pharmaceutical. Ann Fam Med 4(6):556–560

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bronson J, Carson A (2019) Prisoners in 2017. U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6546

  • Brooten D, Youngblut J, Charles D, Roche R, Hidalgo M, Malkawi M (2017) Death rituals reported by White, Black, and Hispanic parents following the ICU death of an infant or child. J Pediatr Nurs 31(12):132–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown GL, Kogan SM, Kim J (2018) From fathers to sons: the intergenerational transmission of parenting behavior among African American young men. Fam Process 57(1):165–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunton L, Goodman L, Blumenthal D, Buxman L (2008) Goodman & Gillman’s manual of pharmacology and therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017) Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2016. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2016/home.htm

  • Bureau of Labor Statistics (2018) A profile of the working poor, 2016. BLS reports. Report 1074. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/working-poor/2016/pdf/home.pdf

  • Burroughs V, Mackey M, Levy R (2002) Racial and ethnic differences in response to medicines: towards individualized pharmaceutical treatment. J Natl Med Assoc 94(10):1–20

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cacari-Stone L, Wallerstein N, Garcia A, Minkler M (2014) The promise of community-based participatory research for health equity: a conceptual model for bridging evidence with policy. Am J Public Health 104(9):116–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell M, Hudson M, Resnicow K, Blakeney N, Paxton A, Baskin M (2007) Church-based health promotion interventions: evidence and lessons learned. Annu Rev Public Health 28(33):213–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campinha-Bacote J (1993) Soul therapy: humor and music with African American patients. J Christ Nurs 10(2):23–26

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campinha-Bacote J (1997) Humor therapy for culturally diverse psychiatric patients. J Nurs Jocularity 7(1):38–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Campinha-Bacote J (2005) A biblically based model of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services. Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates, Cincinnati

    Google Scholar 

  • Campinha-Bacote J (2007) The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: the journey continues. Transcultural C.A.R.E. Associates, Cincinnati

    Google Scholar 

  • Campinha-Bacote J (2017) Cultural considerations in forensic psychiatry: the issue of forced medication. Int J Forensic Psychiatry 50:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos-Castillo C, Ewoodzi K (2014) Relational trustworthiness: how status affects intra-organizational inequality in job autonomy. Soc Sci Res 44:60–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr D (2011) Racial differences in end-of-life planning: why don’t Blacks and Latinos prepare for the inevitable? Omega (Westport) 63(1):1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll K (2010) A genealogical analysis of the worldview framework in African-centered psychology. J Pan African Stud 3(8):109–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll KK (2014) An introduction to African-centered sociology: worldview, epistemology, and social theory. Crit Sociol 40(2):257–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter SR, Walker A, Abdul-Latif S, Maurer L, Masunungure D, Tedaldi E, Patterson F (2016) Nice to your heart: a pilot community-based intervention to improve heart health behaviors in urban residents. Health Educ J 75(3):306–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy-Bushrow A, Sitarik A, Havstad S, Park S, Bielak L, Austin C et al (2017) Burden of higher lead exposure in African-Americans starts in utero and persists into childhood. Environ Int 108:221–227

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (2016) Reduced disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15–19 Years—United States, 2006–2007 and 2013–2014. MMWR. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6516a1.htm

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008) Community health and program services (CHAPS): health disparities among racial/ethnic populations. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) About underlying cause of death, 1999–2016. http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) African Americans and tobacco use. Office on Smoking and Health. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/disparities/african-americans/index.htm#prevalence

  • Chandler D (2010) The underutilization of health services in the black community: an examination of causes and effects. J Black Stud 40(5):915–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman E, Kaatz A, Carnes M (2011) Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. J Gen Intern Med 28(11):1504–1510

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhry I, Neelam K, Duddu V, Husain N (2008) Ethnicity and psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 22(6):673–680

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark E, Williams B, Huang J, Roth D, Holt C (2018) A longitudinal study of religiosity, spiritual health locus of control, and health behaviors in a national sample of African Americans. J Relig Health 57(6):2258–2278

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Coe K, Keller C, Walker J (2015) Religion, kinship and health behaviors of African American Women. J Relig Health 54:46–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffman K, Aten JD, Denney RM, Futch T (2010) African-American spirituality. In: Leeming DA, Madden K, Marlan S (eds) Encyclopedia of psychology and religion. Springer, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Cokley K, Cooke B, Nobles W (2005) Guidelines for providing culturally appropriate services for people of African ancestry exposed to the trauma of Hurricane Katrina. The Association of Black Psychologists, Washington. http://cretscmhd.psych.ucla.edu/nola/Video/PTSD/materials/abpsi_article1.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Colen C, Krueger P, Boettner B (2018a) Do rising tides lift all boats? Racial disparities in health across the lifecourse among middle-class African-Americans and Whites. SSM Popul Health 6:125–135

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Colen C, Ramey D, Cooksey E, Williams D (2018b) Racial disparities in health among nonpoor African Americans and Hispanics: the role of acute and chronic discrimination. Soc Sci Med 199:167–180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conant J (1961) Slums and suburbs. New American Library Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook T, Reeves G, Teufel J, Postolache T (2015) Persistence of racial disparities in prescription of first-generation antipsychotics in the USA. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. https://www.ctsi.umn.edu/sites/ctsi.umn.edu/files/journal_club-urp-article1.pdf

  • Cooley M, Jennings-Dozier K (1998) Lung cancer in African Americans: a call for action. Cancer Pract 6(2):99–106

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, Beach MC, Sabin JA, Greenwald AG, Inui TS (2012) The associations of clinicians’ implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. Am J Public Health 102:979–987

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan PW, Druss BG, Perlick DA (2014) The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychol Sci Public Interest 15(2):37–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross-Barnet C, McDonald K (2015) It’s all about the children: an intersectional perspective on parenting values among black married couples in the United States. Societies 5(4):855–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels K, Abma JC, National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) (2018) Current contraceptive status among women aged 15–49: United states, 2015–2017. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville

    Google Scholar 

  • Darity W, Hamilton D, Paul M, Aja A, Price A, Moore A, Chiopris C (2018) What we get wrong about closing the racial gap. Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity, Insight Center for Community Economic Development. https://insightcced.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Where-We-Went-Wrong-COMPLETE-REPORT-July-2018.pdf

  • Declercq ER, Sakala C, Corry MP, Applebaum S, Herrlich A (2014) Major survey findings of listening to MothersSM III: new mothers speak out: report of national surveys of Women’s childbearing experiences. J Perinat Educ 23(1):17–24

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeCuir-Gunby J, Gunby N (2016) Racial microaggressions in the workplace: a critical race analysis of the experiences of African American educators. Urban Educ 51(4):390–414

    Google Scholar 

  • DeHaven MJ, Ramos-Roman MA, Gimpel N, Carson J, DeLemos J, Pickens S et al (2011) The GoodNEWS (genes, nutrition, exercise, wellness, and spiritual growth) trial: a community-based participatory research (CBPR) trial with African-American church congregations for reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors—recruitment, measurement, and randomization. Contemp Clin Trials 32(5):630–640

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Delbello MP, Soutullo CA, Strakowski SM (2000) Racial differences in treatment of adolescents with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 157(5):837–838

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirks N, Huth B, Yates C, Melbohm B (2004) Pharmacokinetics of immunosuppressants: a perspective on ethnic difference. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 42(12):719–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon V (1971) African-oriented and Euro-American-oriented worldviews: research methodologies and economics. Rev Black Polit Econ 7(2):119–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Drayton-Brooks S, White N (2004) Health promoting behaviors among African American women with faith-based support. ABNF J 15(5):84–90

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy GF, Shupe ES, Kuczmarski MF, Zonderman AB, Evans MK (2017) Motivations for botanical use by socioeconomically diverse, urban adults: does evidence support motivation? J Altern Complement Med 23(10):812–818

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison G, Kaufman J, Head R, Martin P, Kahn J (2008) Flaws in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s rationale for supporting the development and approval of BiDil as a treatment for heart failure only in black patients. J Law Med Ethics 36(3):449–457

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison C, Hummer R, Burdette A, Benjamins M (2010) Race, religious involvement, and health: the case of African Americans. In: Ellison C, Hummer R (eds) Religion, families and health: population-based research in the United States. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, pp 321–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabius C (2016) Toward an integration of narrative identity, generationitivity, and storytelling in African American Elders. J Black Stud 47:423–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Fett SM (2002) Working cures: healing, health, and power on Southern slave plantations. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill

    Google Scholar 

  • Finer LB, Zolna MR (2014) Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001–2008. Am J Public Health 104(S1):S43–S48

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald E, Campinha-Bacote J (2019) Cultural competemility Part II: an intersectionality approach to the process of competemility. Online J Issues Nurs 24(2). https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-24-2019/No2-May-2019/Articles-Previous-Topics/Intersectionality-Approach-to-Cultural-Competemility.html

  • Fontenot K, Semega J, Kollar M (2018) Income and poverty in the United States: 2017 current population reports. U.S. Department of Commence Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.pdf

  • Forde K, Tanapanpanit O, Reddy K (2014) Hepatitis B and C in African Americans: current status and continued challenges. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(5):738–748

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazer E, Mitchell R, Nesbitt L, Williams M, Mitchel E, Williams R, Browne D (2018) The violence epidemic in the African American community: a call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform. J Natl Med Assoc 110(1):4–15

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier E (1957) Black bourgeoisie. Collier Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gara M, Minsky S, Silverstein S, Miskimen T, Strakowski S (2019) A naturalistic study of racial disparities in diagnoses at an outpatient behavioral clinic. Psychiatr Serv 70(2):130–134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gary F (2005) Stigma: barrier to mental health care among ethnic minorities. Issues Ment Health Nurs 26(10):979–999

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaw A (2001) Concise guide to cross-cultural psychiatry. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Washington, DC, p 158

    Google Scholar 

  • Giurgescu C, Misra DP, Sealy-Jefferson S, Caldwell CH, Templin TN, Slaughter-Acey JC, Osypuk TL (2015) The impact of neighborhood quality, perceived stress, and social support on depressive symptoms during pregnancy in African American women. Soc Sci Med 130:172–180

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Glied S, Ma S, Borja A (2017) Effect of the Affordable Care Act on health care access. The Commonwealth Fund. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2017/may/effect-affordable-care-act-health-care-access

  • Gloster H, Neal K (2006) Skin cancer in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol 55(5):741–760

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goosby J, Malone S, Richardson E, Cheadle J, Williams D (2015) Perceived discrimination and markers of cardiovascular risk among low-income African American youth. Am J Hum Biol 27(4):546–552

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Green AR, Carney DR, Pallin DJ, Ngo LH, Raymond KL, Iezzoni LI, Banaji MR (2007) Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients. J Gen Intern Med 22:1231–1238

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn J, Davis S (2011) Beliefs, meanings, and practices of healing with botanicals re-called by elder African American women in the Mississippi Delta. Online J Cult Care Nurs Healthc 1(1):37–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider AH, Schneider EB, Sriram N, Dossick DS, Scott VK, Swoboda SM et al (2015a) Unconscious race and social class bias among acute care surgical clinicians and clinical treatment decision. J Am Med Assoc Surg 150:457–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider AH, Schneider EB, Sriram N, Scott VK, Swoboda SM, Zogg CK et al (2015b) Unconscious race and social class bias among registered nurses: vignette-based study using implicit association testing. J Am Coll Surg 220:1077–1086

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton B (2015) Births: final data for 2014. Nat Vital Stat Rep 65(12):1–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Handel A, Miot L, Miot H (2014) Melasma: a clinical and epidemiological review. An Bras Dermatol 89(5):771–782

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen BR, Hodgson NA, Gitlin LN (2016) It’s a matter of trust: older African Americans speak about their health care encounters. J Appl Gerontol 35(10):1058–1076

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hargrave R (2010) In: Periyakoil VS (ed) Health and health care of African American older adults. eCampus-Geriatrics, Stanford. https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/african_american.html

  • Harvey I, Cook L (2010) Exploring the role of spirituality in self-management practices among older African-American and non-Hispanic White women with chronic conditions. Chronic Illn 6:111–124

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausmann LRM, Myaskovsky L, Niyonkuru C, Oyster ML, Switzer GE, Burkitt KH et al (2015) Examining implicit bias of physicians who care for individuals with spinal cord injury: a pilot study and future directions. J Spinal Cord Med 38:102–110

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson D, Wills M, Fricchione G (2010) Culture and psychiatry. In: Stern T, Fricchione G (eds) Handbook of general Hospital. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 629–638

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbeck D, West J, Ruditis I, Duffy F, Fitek D, Bell C, Snowden L (2004) Variations in use of second-generation antipsychotic medication by race among adult psychiatric patients. Psychiatr Serv 55(6):677–684

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hicks W (2010) Too many Cases, too many deaths: lung cancer in African Americans. American Lung Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins S, Azadeh N, Chow M, Wysong A (2018) Review of nonmelanoma skin cancer in African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. Dermatol Surg 44(7):903–910

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman K, Trawalter S, Axt J, Oliver M (2016) Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between Blacks and Whites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 13(16):4296–4301

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth D, Cole A, O’Keefe V, Tucker R, Story C, Wingate L (2017) Experiencing racial microaggressions influences suicide ideation through perceived burdensomeness in African Americans. J Couns Psychol 64(1):104–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt C, Clark E, Debnam K, Roth D (2014) Religion and health in African Americans: the role of religious coping. Am J Health Behav 38(2):190–199

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Houston T, Allison J, Sussman M, Horn W, Holt C, Trobaugh J et al (2011) Culturally appropriate storytelling to improve blood pressure: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 154:77–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (2004) In the nation’s compelling interest: ensuring diversity in the health care workforce. Author, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett RL, Coba-Rodriguez S (2015) “My mother didn’t play about education”: low-income, African American mothers’ early school experiences and their impact on school involvement for preschoolers transitioning to kindergarten. J Negro Educ 84(3):457–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaynes D, Williams R (1989) A common destiny: Blacks and American society. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson C (2010) What health-care reform means for African Americans. The Root. https://www.theroot.com/what-health-care-reform-means-for-african-americans-1790881318

  • Jiang T, Li H, Hou Y (2019) Cultural differences in humor perception, usage, and implications. Front Psychol 10:123

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson J (2008) Ethnic differences in cardiovascular drug response: potential contribution of pharmacogenetics. Circulation 118(3):1383–1393

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson K, Elbert-Avila K, Tulsky J (2005) The influence of spiritual beliefs and practices on the treatment preferences of African-Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(4):711–719

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones J, Schmitt A (2014) A college degree is no guarantee. Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, DC. http://cepr.net/documents/black-coll-grads-2014-05.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones MK, Buque M, Miville ML (2018) African American gender roles: a content analysis of empirical research from 1981 to 2017. J Black Psychol 44(5):450–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser Family Foundation (2001) African Americans view of the HIV/AIDS epidemic at 20 years. Author, Menlo Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser Family Foundation (2018) Disparities in health and health care: five key questions and answers. https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care-five-key-questions-and-answers/

  • Kelly J, Kaufman D, Kelley K, Rosenberg L, Mitchell A (2006) Use of herbal/natural supplements according to racial/ethnic group. J Altern Complement Med 12(6):555–561

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy B, Mathis C, Woods A (2007) African Americans and their distrust of the health care system: healthcare for diverse populations. J Cult Divers 14(2):56–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause N, Bastida E (2011) Social relationships in the church during late life: assessing differences between African Americans, whites, and Mexican Americans. Rev Relig Res 53(1):41–63

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kundu R, Patterson S (2013) Dermatologic conditions in skin of color: Part II. Disorders occurring predominantly in skin of color. Am Fam Physician 87(12):859–865

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladner J, Gourdine R (1992) Adolescent pregnancy in the African-American community. In: Braithwaite R, Taylor S (eds) Health issues in the black community. Josey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 206–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurie A, Neimeyer R (2008) African Americans in bereavement: grief as a function of ethnicity. Omega 57(2):173–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson W (1999, May 19) Ethnicity and treatment of bipolar disorder. Presented at the 152nd annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson C, Hollinger J, Sethi S, Rodney I, Sarkar R, Dlova N, Callender V (2015) Updates in the understanding and treatments of skin & hair disorders in women of color. Int J Women’s Dermatol 1:59–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RC (2012) Family homelessness viewed through the lens of health and human rights. Adv Nurs Sci 35(2):E47–E59

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee C, Ayers S, Kronenfeld J (2009) The association between perceived provider discrimination, healthcare utilization and health status in racial and ethnic minorities. Ethn Dis 19(3):330–337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin J, Mhango G, Wall M, Lurslurchachai L, Bond K, Nelson J et al (2014) Cultural factors associated with racial disparities in lung cancer care. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11(4):489–495

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston G, Parker K, Rohal M (2015) Childlessness falls, family size grows among highly educated women. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/05/07/childlessness-falls-family-size-grows-among-highly-educated-women/

  • Lobar S, Youngblut J, Brooten D (2006) Cross-cultural beliefs, ceremonies, and rituals surrounding death of a loved one. Pediatr Nurs 32(1):44–55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LoPresti M, Dement F, Gold H (2016) End-of-life care for people with cancer from ethnic minority groups: a systematic review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 33(3):291–305

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein A, Glanville CL (1995) Cultural diversity and conflict in the health care workplace. Nurs Econ 13(4):203–209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Goldstein D, Angrist M, Cavalleri G (2014) Personalized medicine and human genetic diversity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 4(9):a008581

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lupton D (2013) Fat. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Maglo K, Rubinstein J, Huang B, Ittenbach R (2014) BiDil in the clinic: an interdisciplinary investigation of physicians’ prescription patterns of a race-based therapy. AJOB Empirical Bioethics 5(4):37–52

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malek A, Newman J, Hunt K, Marriott B (2019) Race/ethnicity, enrichment/fortification, and dietary supplementation in the US population, NHANES 2009–2012. Nutrients 11(5):1005

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maliski S, Connor S, Williams L, Litwin M (2010) Faith among low-income, African American/Black men treated for prostate cancer. Cancer Nurs 33(6):470–478

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez G, Copen C, Abma J (2011) Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraception use, and childbearing, 2006–2010 National Survey of Family growth. National Center Health Stat Vital Health Stat 23(31):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Matas A, Sowa M, Taylor V, Taylor G, Schattka B, Mantsch H (2001) Eliminating the issue of skin color in assessment of the blanch response. Adv Skin Wound Care 14:180–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCluney C, Schmitz L, Hicken M, Sonnega A (2018) Structural racism in the workplace: does perception matter for health inequalities? Soc Sci Med 199:106–114

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMichael A (2003) Hair and scalp disorders in ethnic populations. Dermatol Clin 21(4):629–644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil J, Campinha-Bacote J, Tapscott E, Vample G (2002) BESAFE: National minority AIDS education and training center cultural competency model. Howard University Medical School, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Meghani S, Keane A (2017) Preference for analgesic treatment for cancer pain Among African Americans. J Pain Symptom Manage 34(2):136–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Meschede T, Taylor J, Mann A, Shapiro T (2017) “Family achievements?”: how a college degree accumulates wealth for Whites and not for Blacks. Federal Reserve Bank St Louis Rev 99(1):121–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Minority Nurse (2013, March 30) BiDil controversy continues as FDA approves first “race-specific” drug. https://minoritynurse.com/bidil-controversy-continues-as-fda-approves-first-race-specific-drug/

  • Mishra S, Lucksted A, Gioia D, Barnet B, Baquet C (2009) Needs and preferences for receiving mental health information in an African American focus groups. Community Mental Health 45(2):117–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell J, Ferdinand K, Watson C, Wenger N, Watkins L, Flack J et al (2011) Treatment of heart failure in African Americans—a call to action. J Natl Med Assoc 103(2):86–98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchem S (2007) African American folk healing. NYU Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Monroe C (2006) Misbehavior or misinterpretation? Closing the discipline gap through cultural synchronization. Kappa Delta Pi Record 42(4):161–165. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ738081.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore J (2005) Hypertension: catching the silent killer Nurse Provider 30(10):16–18, 23–24, 26–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison R, Wallenstein S, Natale D, Senzel R, Huang L (2000) “We don’t carry that”—failure of pharmacies in predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods to stock opioid analgesics. N Engl J Med 342:1023–1026

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mozaffarian D, Benjamin E, Go A, Arnett D, Blaha M, Cushman M et al (2016) Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update. Circulation 133:38–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray R, Zentner J (2001) Health promotion strategies through the lifespan. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Musgrave C, Allen C, Allen G (2002) Rural health and women of color: spirituality and health for women of color. Am J Public Health 92(4):557–560

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Education Statistics (2019) Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups. Indicator 17: High school status dropout rates. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_RDC.asp#info

  • National Center for Health Workforce Analysis (2017) Sex, race, and ethnic diversity of U.S, health occupations (2011–2015). Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville. https://bhw.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/bhw/nchwa/diversityushealthoccupations.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Data (2015) Current asthma prevalence percents by age. National Health Interview Survey. http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/nhis/2015/table4-1.htm

  • National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (2019). NHPCO facts and figures 2018 edition (revision 7-2-2019). Am J Hosp Palliat Care 35(3):431–439. Retrieved from https://39k5cm1a9u1968hg74aj3x51-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2018_NHPCO_Facts_Figures.pdf

  • Negy C, Eisenman R (2005) A comparison of African American and white college students’ affective and attitudinal reactions to lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals: an exploratory study. J Sex Res 42(4):291–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen AW, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Mouzon DM (2016) Social support from family and friends and subjective well-being of older African Americans. J Happiness Stud 17(3):959–979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan A, Velasco-Mondragon H, Wagner F (2016) Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Rev 37:12

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Adolescent Health (2017) About the teen pregnancy prevention (TPP) program. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/grant-programs/teen-pregnancy-prevention-program-tpp/about/index.html

  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2019) History & development of healthy people. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/About-Healthy-People/History-Development-Healthy-People-2020

  • Office of Minority Health (2016) Organ donation and African Americans. https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=27.

  • Office of Minority Health (2019a) Asthma and African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=15

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Minority Health (2019b) Diabetes and African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=18

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Minority Health (2019c) Heart disease in African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=19

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Minority Health (2019d) HIV/AIDS and African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=21

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Minority Health (2019e) Obesity and African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=25

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Minority Health (2019f) Profile: Black/African Americans. U.S. Department of Mental Health and Human Resources, Washington, DC. https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=61

    Google Scholar 

  • Office on Smoking and Health (2019) Smoking & tobacco use. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogunleye A, McMichael A, Olsen E (2014) Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia: what has been achieved, current clues for future research. Dermatol Clin 32(2):173–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver MN, Wells KM, Joy-Gaba JA, Hawk-ins CB, Nosek BA (2014) Do physicians’ implicit views of African Americans affect clinical decision making? J Am Board Fam Med 27:177–188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen E, Bergfeld W, Cotsarelis G, Price V, Shapiro J, Sinclair R et al (2003) Summary of North American Hair Research Society (NAHRS)-sponsored workshop in cicatricial alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 48(10):103–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega V, Meyer D (2014) Pharmacogenetics: implications of race and ethnicity on defining genetic profiles for personalized medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133(1):16–26

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Parks F (2003) The role of African American folk beliefs in the modern therapeutic process. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 10:456–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson B, Jackson C (2013) Removing obstacles for African American English-speaking children through greater understanding of language difference. Dev Psychol 49(1):31–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie M, Roman P (2004) Race and gender differences workplace autonomy: a research note. Sociol Inquiry 74(4):590–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center (2014) Childlessness falls, family size grows among highly educated women. Paw Research Center, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center (2015) America’s changing religious landscape. Pew Center, Washington, DC. https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharr J, Moonie S, Bungum T (2012) The impact of unemployment on mental and physical health, access to health care and health risk behaviors. International Scholarly Research Notices (ISRN) Public Health

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman C (2012) Racial Microaggressions: the narratives of African American faculty at a predominantly White university. J Negro Educ 81(1):82–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Plant A, Montoya JA, Snow EG, Coyle K, Rietmeijer C (2019) Developing a video intervention to prevent unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections among older adolescents. Health Promot Pract 20(4):593–599

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter DA, Markowitz LB, Smith SE, Rajack-Talley TA, D’Silva MU, Della LJ, Best LE, Carthan Q (2016) Healthicization and lay knowledge about eating practices in two African American communities. Qual Health Res 26(14):1961–1974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prather C, Fuller TR, Jeffries WL 4th, Marshall KJ, Howell AV, Belyue-Umole A, King W (2018) Racism, African American women, and their sexual and reproductive health: a review of historical and contemporary evidence and implications for health equity. Health Equity 2(1):249–259

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Puckrein GA (1981) Humoralism and social development in colonial America. JAMA 245:1755–1757

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pullen E, Perry B, Oser C (2014) African American women’s preventative care usage: the role of social support and racial experiences and attitudes. Sociol Health Illn 36:1037–1053

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn S (2018) African American adults and seasonal influenza vaccination: changing our approach can move the needle. Hum Vaccin Immunother 14(3):719–723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radel L, Bramlett M, Chow K, Waters A (2016) Children living apart from their parents: highlights from the National Survey of Children in Nonparental Care. National Survey of Children’s Health, 2016. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/203352/NSCNC.pdf

  • Rajman I, Knapp L, Morgan T, Masimirembwa C (2017) African genetic diversity: implications for cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism and drug development. EBioMedicine 17:67–74

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Resnicow K, Soler R, Braithwaite RL, Ahluwalia JS, Butler J (2000) Cultural sensitivity in substance use prevention. J Community Psychol 28(3):271–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickford J, Duncan G, Gennetian L, Gou R, Greene R, Katz L et al (2015) Neighborhood effects on use of African-American Vernacular English. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(38):1817–1822

    Google Scholar 

  • Ries L, Melbert D, Krapcho M, Mariotto A, Miller B, Feuer E (eds) (2008) SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2004. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005/, based on November 2007 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site

  • Ritchey M, Chang A, Powers A, Loustalot F, Schieb L, Ketcham M et al (2016) Vital signs: disparities n antihypertensive medication nonadherence among medicare part d beneficiaries—United States, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 65:967–976

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DHZ, Gerbensky Klammer SM, Perryman JP, Thompson NJ, Arriola KRJ (2014) Understanding African American’s religious beliefs and organ donation intentions. J Relig Health 53(6):1857–1872

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Ryn M, Burgess D, Dovidio J, Phelan S, Saha S, Malat J et al (2011) The impact of racism on clinician cognition, behavior, and clinical decision making. Du Bois Rev 8(1):99–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Saladin L, Krause J (2009) Pressure ulcer prevalence and barriers to treatment after spinal cord injury: comparisons of four groups based on race-ethnicity. NeuroRehabilitation 24(1):57–66

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salcido S (2002) Finding a window into the skin. Adv Skin Wound Care 15(3):100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savitt T (1978) Medicine and slavery. University of Illinois Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaa KL, Roter DL, Biesecker BB, Cooper LA, Erby LH (2015) Genetic counselors’ implicit racial attitudes and their relationship to communication. Health Psychol 34:111–119

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffeler E, Eichelbaum M, Brinkmann U, Penger A, Asante-Poku S, Zanger U, Schwab M (2001) Frequency of C3435T polymorphism of gene in African people. The Lancet 358(9279):383–384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seabury S, Terp S, Boden L (2017) Racial and ethnic differences in the frequency of workplace injuries and prevalence of work-related disability. Health Aff 36(2):266–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Shavers V, Fagan P, Jones D, Klein W et al (2012) The state of research on racial/ethnic discrimination in the receipt of health care. Am J Public Health 102(5):953–966

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheats K, Irving S, Mercy J, Simon T, Crosby A, Ford D et al (2018) Violence-related disparities experienced by Black youth and young adults: opportunities for prevention. Am J Prev Med 55(4):462–469

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheftall A, Asti L, Horowitz L, Felts A, Fontanella C, Campo J, Bridge J (2016) Suicide in elementary school-aged children and early adolescents. Pediatrics 138(4):e20160436. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0436

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shen MJ, Peterson EB, Costas-Muñiz R, Hernandez MH, Jewell ST, Matsoukas K, Bylund CL (2018) The effects of race and racial concordance on patient-physician communication: a systematic review of the literature. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 5(1):117–140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan M, Newhouse R, Thompson A (2013) Counting on coworkers: race, social support, and emotional experiences on the job. Soc Psychol Q 76(4):343–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Smedley B, Stith A, Nelson A (2002) Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TH (1994) Conjuring culture: biblical formations of Black America. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow L (1974) Folk medical beliefs and their implications for care of patients. Ann Intern Med 81:82–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snow L (1993) Walkin’ over medicine. Westview Press, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers M (2011) Color awareness: a must for patient assessment. Am Nurse Today 6(1). https://www.americannursetoday.com/color-awareness-a-must-for-patient-assessment/

  • Sommers M, Zink T, Fargo J, Baker RB, Buschur C, Shambley-Ebron DZ, Fisher BS (2008) Forensic sexual assault examination and genital injury: is skin color a source of health disparity? Am J Emerg Med 26:857–866

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sowa M, Matas A, Schattka B, Mantsch H (2002) Spectroscopic assessment of cutaneous hemodynamics in the presence of high epidermal melanin concentration. Clin Chim Acta 317:203–212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sowers J, Ferdinand K, Bakris G, Douglas J (2002) Hypertension-related disease in African Americans. Postgrad Med 112(4):24–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spruil I, Magwood G, Nemeth L, Williams T (2015) African Americans’ culturally specific approaches to the management of diabetes. Global Qualitative Nursing Research 2

    Google Scholar 

  • Strakowski S, McElroy S, Keck P, West S (1996) Racial influence on diagnosis in psychotic mania. J Affect Disord 39(2):157–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strickland T, Lin K, Fu P, Anderson D, Zheng Y (1995) Comparison of lithium ratio between African-American and Caucasian bipolar patients. Biol Psychiatry 37(5):325–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue DW, Capodilupo CM, Holder AMB (2008) Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Prof Psychol Res Pract 39(3):329–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Levin J (2004) Religion in the lives of African Americans: social, psychological, and health perspectives. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas PA, Krampe EM, Newton RR (2007) Father’s presence, family structure, and feelings of closeness to the father among adult African American children. J Black Stud 38(4):541

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson C, Craig H, Washington J (2004) Variable production of African American English across oracy and literacy contexts. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 35(3):269–282

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trenerry B, Paradies Y (2012) Organizational assessment: an overlooked approach to managing diversity and addressing racism in the workplace. J Divers Manage 7(1):11–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, Mahoney M, Sharapova SR, Sosnoff CS et al (2018) Exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers—United States, 1988–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67(48):1342–1346

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tuskegee University (2019) National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care. https://www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/centers-of-excellence/bioethics-center

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2014) Coresident grandparents and their grandchildren: 2012. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p20-576.pdf

  • U.S. Census Bureau (2018, September 13) Poverty rate in the United States in 2017, by age and gender [Graph]. In Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/233154/us-poverty-rate-by-gender/

  • U.S. Department of Agriculture (2019) Food access research atlas. Economic Research Service. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/documentation

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010) Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. National action plan to improve health literacy. Author, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood S, Powell R (2006) Religion and spirituality: Influence on health/risk behavior and cancer screening behavior of African Americans. Assoc Black Nursing Faculty (ABNF) 17(10):20–31

    Google Scholar 

  • United Network for Organ Sharing (2017) Odds for receiving a kidney transplant now equal for black, white, and Hispanic candidates. https://unos.org/news/odds-equal-of-kidney-transplant-for-minorities/

  • Wandler K (2003) Psychopharmacology of patients with eating disorders. Remuda Rev 2(1):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang TW, Asman K, Gentzke AS, Cullen KA, Holder-Hayes E, Reyes-Guzman C et al (2018) Tobacco product use among adults—United States, 2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67(44):1225–1232

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington L (2002) Commentary on the history of the African immigrants and their American descendants. iUniverse Publishers, Lincoln

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington K, Bickel-Swenson D, Stephens N (2008) Barriers to hospice use among African Americans: a systematic review. Health Soc Work 33(4):267–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb Hooper M, Carpenter K, Payne M, Resnicow K (2018) Effects of a culturally specific tobacco cessation intervention among African American Quitline enrollees: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 18(1):123

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wehbe-Alamah H, McFarland M, Macklin J, Riggs N (2011) The lived experiences of African American women receiving care from nurse provider leave as practitioner in an urban nurse-managed clinic. Online J Cult Competence Nurs Healthcare 1(1):15–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch L, Teno J, Mor V (2005) End-of-life care in Black and White: race matters for medical care of dying patients and their families. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(7):1145–1153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen M, Zhang X, Harris C, Holt J, Croft J (2013) Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Ann Behav Med 45(Suppl 1):18–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A (ed) (2016) The Oxford handbook of perinatal psychology. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams Institute (2013) LGBT African-Americans and African-American same—sex couples. http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Census-AFAMER-Oct-2013.pdf

  • Williams J, Wyatt G, Wingood G (2010) The four Cs of HIV prevention with African Americans: crisis, condoms, culture, and community. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 7(4):185–193

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams M, Chapman L, Wong J, Turkheimer R (2012) The role of ethnic identity in symptoms of anxiety and depression in African Americans. Psychiatry Res 199(1):31–36

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams D, Lawrence J, Davis B (2019) Racism and health: evidence and needed research. (2019). Annu Rev Public Health 40:105–125

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M (1995) African American family life: its structural and ecological aspects. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Woerner M, Correll C, Alvir J, Greenwald B, Delman H, Kane J (2011) Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with risperidone or olanzapine in the elderly: results from a 2-year, prospective study in antipsychotic-naïve patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(8):1738–1746

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wood J (2009) Communication in our lives. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf S, Aron L, Dubay L, Simon S, Zimmerman E, Luk K (2015) How are income and wealth linked to health and longevity? Urban Institute, Washington, DC. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/49116/2000178-How-are-Income-and-Wealth-Linked-to-Health-and-Longevity.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1946) Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference. World Health Organization, New York. http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2016) What is health promotion? https://www.who.int/features/qa/health-promotion/en/

  • Wright K, Still C, Jones L, Moss K (2018) Designing a cocreated intervention with African American older adults for hypertension self-management. Int J Hypertens 2018:7591289

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wyn, R., Ojeda, V., Ranji, U., & Salganicoff, A. (2004). Racial and ethnic disparities in women's health coverage and access to care: findings from the 2001 Kaiser women’s health survey. Report. Menlo Park: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarnell LM, Pasch KE, Perry CL, Komro KA (2018) Multiple risk behaviors among African American and Hispanic boys. J Early Adolesc 38(5):681–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Young SL (2010) Pica in pregnancy: new ideas about an old condition. Annu Rev Nutr 30(40):3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Young SL, Sherman PW, Lucks JB, Peltro GH (2011) Why on earth?: Evaluation hypotheses about the physiological functions of human geophagy. Q Rev Biol 86:97–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zestcott CA, Blair IV, Stone J (2016) Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Process Intergroup Relat 19(4):528–542

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zienkiewicz S (2008) African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Multicultural Topics in Communications and Disorders. Portland State University, Speech and Hearing Sciences. https://www.pdx.edu/multicultural-topics-communication-sciences-disorders/african-american-vernacular-english-aave

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Campinha-Bacote, J., Lee, R.C. (2021). People of African American Heritage. In: Purnell, L., Fenkl, E. (eds) Textbook for Transcultural Health Care: A Population Approach. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51399-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51399-3_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51398-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51399-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics