Non-melanoma Skin Cancer and Cutaneous Melanoma from the Oncological Point of View

Abstract

The incidence of melanoma is increasing worldwide and despite early detection and intervention, the number of patients dying from the metastatic disease continues to rise. The prognosis of advanced melanoma remains poor, with a median survival between 6 and 9 months. Over the past 30 years and despite extensive clinical research, the treatment options for metastatic disease were limited, and melanoma is still considered as one of the most therapy-resistant malignancies. Single-agent and combination chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted agent therapy, and combination regimens failed to show significant improvement in overall survival.

Recent advances and an in-depth understanding of the biology of melanoma have contributed to the development of new agents. Based on the molecular and immunological background of the disease, the new drugs have shown benefit in overall and progression-free survival. As the picture of the disease begins to change, oncologists need to alter their approach to melanoma treatment and consider disease biology together with targeted individualized treatment. In this review, the authors attempt to offer an insight in the present and past melanoma treatment options, with a focus on the recently approved immunotherapeutic and molecular-targeted agents and the clinical perspectives of these new weapons against metastatic melanoma.