Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Related Issues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Child Sexual Abuse

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Public Health ((BRIEFSCHILD))

  • 703 Accesses

Abstract

Disclosure is the most important aspect in discovery of child sexual abuse (CSA), as corroborating evidence is rare; however, the majority of victims have a delay in disclosure, many times until after adulthood. Countless factors including culture, family circumstances, social concerns, shame, fear of consequences, and relationship to the offender contribute to a child’s willingness to reach out to an adult for help. Disclosure is also influenced by age, developmental stage, upbringing, environment, and the child’s knowledge of their own body. Three categories of children and youth who are at a greater risk for CSA: children with disabilities, those who participate in youth serving organizations (YSOs) such as religious institutions or sports-related teams and programs, and youth who use social networking sites and other digital technologies. Research shows that CSA prevention training, if catered to the appropriate age and cognitive ability of the children and conducted according to best practices, is effective at increasing children’s knowledge about sexual abuse, increasing the reporting of past and current abuse, and teaching children and youth self-protection skills. Concerns about how CSA is identified, evaluated, and investigated have come under close professional and media scrutiny in recent decades. In the 1980s, news coverage documented a “backlash” defined as a growing sense that child advocates where going too far, being overzealous and too aggressive, and falsely accusing innocent parents and other caregivers in their zeal to stamp out child sexual abuse. The adverse reaction was not directed towards protecting children from child sexual abuse but towards the entire child protection process. The child protection field does indeed experience its share of challenges, including inefficient staffing levels, timeliness of response, and occasional failures to protect children in foster care. Concerns about these challenges and others are legitimate, and the field should continually learn and improve.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahern, E. C., Stolzenberg, S. N., & Lyon, T. D. (2015). Do prosecutors use interview instructions or build rapport with child witnesses? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 33(4), 476–492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alaggia, R. (2010). An ecological analysis of child sexual abuse disclosure: Considerations for child and adolescent mental health. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 32–39.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alaggia, R., & Kirshenbaum, S. (2005). Speaking the unspeakable: Exploring the impact of family dynamics on child sexual abuse disclosures. Families in Society, 86, 227–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allnock, D., & Miller, P. (2013). No one noticed, no one heard: A study of disclosures in child abuse. London, England: NSPCC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. D. (2016). The continuum of disclosure: Exploring factors predicting tentative disclosure of child sexual abuse allegations during forensic interview and implications for practice, policy and future research. J Child Sex Ab, 25(4), 382–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlinger, L., & Conte, J. R. (1990). The process of victimization: The victims’ perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 29–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlinger, L., & Conte, J. R. (1995). The efforts of disclosure and intervention on sexually abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 371–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethell, D. C., Blumberg, S. J., Stein, R. E., Strickland, B., Robertson, J., & Newacheck, P. W. (2015). Taking stock of the CSHCN screener: A review of common questions and current reflections. Academic Pediatrics, 15(2), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2014.10.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bicanic, I. A., Hehenkamp, L. M., van de Putte, E. M., van Wijk, A. J., & de Jongh, A. (2015). Predictors of delayed disclosure of rape in female adolescents and young adults. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.25883.

  • Block, S. D., Foster, E. M., Pierce, M. W., Berkoff, M. C., & Runyan, D. K. (2013). Multiple forensic interviews during investigations of child sexual abuse: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Applied Developmental Science, 17(4), 174–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, M., Gelman, R., & Baillargeon, R. (1982). The development of causal reasoning. In W. J. Friedman (Ed.), The developmental psychology of time (pp. 209–254). New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunting, L. (2008). Sexual offences against children: An exploration of attrition in the Northern Ireland criminal justice system. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 1109–1118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bussey, K. (1992). Lying and truthfulness: Children’s definitions, standards, and evaluative reactions. Child Development, 63, 129–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli, P., & Goodman, G. S. (2014). Children’s perceived emotional behavior at disclosure and prosecutors’ evaluations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 1521–1532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceci, S. J., & Friedman, R. D. (2000, November). The suggestibility of children: Scientific research and legal implications. Cornell Law Review, 86(1), 33–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (CDC NCBDDD). (2019a). Important milestones: Your child by three years. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-3yr.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (CDC NCBDDD). (2019b). Important milestones: Your child by four years. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-4yr.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (CDC NCBDDD). (2019c). Important milestones: Your child by five years. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-5yr.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (CDC NCBDDD). (2019d). Middle childhood (9–11 years of age). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle2.html

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (CDC NCBDDD). (2019e). Middle childhood (6–8 years of age). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle.html

  • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). The risk and prevention of maltreatment of children with disabilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2018). The risk and prevention of maltreatment of children with disabilities. Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin-Vezina, D., De La Sablonniere-Griffin, M., Palmer, A. M., & Milne, L. (2015). A preliminary mapping of individual, relational, and social factors that impede disclosure of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 43, 123–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, J. R. (1994). Child sexual abuse: Awareness and backlash. The Future of Children, 4(2), 224–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12, 287–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisma, M., Bascelli, E., Paci, D., & Romito, P. (2004). Adolescents who experienced sexual abuse: Fears, needs, and impediments to disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 1035–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cyr, M., Frapper, J. Y., Hebert, M., Tourigny, M., McDuff, P., & Turcotte, M. E. (2016). Psychological and physical health of non-offending parents after disclosure of sexual abuse by their child. J Child Sex Ab., 25(7), 757–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, D. J., with assistance from Praesidium. (2017). Report to USA gymnastics on proposed policy and procedural changes for the protection of young athletes. Retrieved from https://usagym.org/PDFs/About%20USA%20Gymnastics/ddreport_062617.pdf

  • Davies, M., & Rogers, P. (2009). Perceptions of blame and credibility toward victims of childhood sexual abuse: Differences across victim age, victim-perpetrator relationship, and respondent gender in a depicted case. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18, 78–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, K., & Lew, D. (2012). Safe environment training: The effectiveness of the Catholic Church’s child sexual abuse prevention programs. Children at Risk Institute. Retrieved from http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/child-and-youth-protection/upload/Safe-Environment-White-Paper-FINAL.pdf.

  • Doornwaard, S., Bickham, D., Rich, M., Vanwesenbeeck, I., van den Eijnden, R., & ter Bogt, T. (2014). Sex-related online behaviors and adolescents’ body and sexual self-perceptions. Pediatrics, 134, 1103–1110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (1990). Early and long-term effects of child sexual abuse: An update. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 325–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (1994). The backlash and the future of child protection advocacy: Insights from the study of social issues. In J. Myers (Ed.), The backlash: Child protection under fire. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (2009). The prevention of childhood sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 19(2), 169–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Ji, K., Mikton, C., & Dunne, M. (2013). Explaining lower rates of sexual abuse in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 852–860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A. K., Mackey, T. D., Langendoen, C., & Barnard, M. (2016). Child and interviewer race in forensic interviews. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(7), 777–792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flam, A. M., & Haugstvedt, E. (2013). Test balloons? Small signs of big events: A qualitative study on circumstances facilitating adults’ awareness of children’s first signs of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 633–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. A. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19, 491–518.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giardino, A. P., Desai, K., Lew, D., Doerr, M. J., & Nojadera, B. (2016). Child sexual abuse prevention: Are safe environment training programs effective? A topical review of the literatures. Jacobs Journal of Pediatrics, 3(1), 006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman-Brown, T. B., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H., & Gordon, D. S. (2003). Why children tell: A model of children’s disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 525–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, G., Brubacher, S. P., & Powell, M. B. (2016). Expressions of shame in investigative interviews with Australian aboriginal children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 51, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, M., Hotz, R., Killion, C., & Vicken, T. (2015). Young victims telling their stories of sexual assault in the emergency department. Iss Ment Hlth Nurs, 36, 944–952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hechler, D. (1988). The battle and the backlash: The child sexual abuse war. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heger, A., Ticson, L., Velasquez, O., & Bernier, R. (2002). Children referred for possible sexual abuse: Medical findings in 2384 children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 645–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2016). Technology-facilitated sexual violence: A literature review of empirical research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650189.

  • Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Trends in children’s disclosure of abuse in Israel: A national study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1203–1214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Katz, C., & Horowitz, D. (2012). The development of communicative and narrative skills among preschoolers: Lessons from forensic interviews about child abuse. Child Development, 82(2), 611–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 111–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, K. M., & Giardino, A. P. (1996). Child abuse and neglect. In L. A. Kurtz, P. W. Dowrick, S. E. Levy, & M. L. Batshaw (Eds.), Handbook of developmental disabilities: Resources for interdisciplinary care (pp. 542–553). Gathersburg, MD: Aspen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, S. V. (2011). Disclosure of child sexual abuse as a life-long process: Implications for health professionals. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). (1990). Pub. L. No. 101–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S., Newall, E., & Backett-Milburn, K. (2015). Children’s narratives of sexual abuse. Child and Family Social Work, 20, 322–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, K. J., Gulbrandsen, W., Mossige, S., Reichelt, S., & Thersland, O. A. (2005). Reporting possible sexual abuse: A qualitative study on children’s perspectives and the context for disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1395–1413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobe-Shields, L., Swiecicki, C. C., Fritz, D. R., Stinnette, J. S., & Hanson, R. (2016). Post traumatic stress and depression in non-offending caregivers of sexually abused children: Association with parenting practices. J Child Sex Ab, 25(1), 110–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2012). Trends in youth internet victimization: Findings from three youth internet safety surveys 2000-2010. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 179–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, N., & The Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. (2005). The evaluation of sexual abuse in children. Pediatrics, 116, 506–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempe, C. H. (1978). Sexual abuse, another hidden pediatric problem: The 1977 C. Anderson Aldrich Lecture. Pediatrics, 62, 382–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, S. M. (2004). Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: Results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 147–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lainpelto, K., Isaksson, J., & Lindblad, F. (2016). Does information about neuropsychiatric diagnoses influence evaluation of child sexual abuse allegations? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1145164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, C., Powell, M. B., Sharman, S. J., & Anglim, J. (2017). The relationship between children’s age and disclosures of sexual abuse during forensic interviews. Child Maltreatment, 22(1), 79–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc, B., & Wortley, R. (2015). Predictors of victim disclosure in child sexual abuse: Additional evidence from a sample of incarcerated adult sex offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 43, 104–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippert, T., Cross, T. P., Jones, L., & Walsh, W. (2009). Telling interviewers about sexual abuse: Predictors of child disclosure at forensic interviews. Child Maltreatment, 14, 100–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J., & Shuman, D. W. (2005). Disclosure of child sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about ways that children tell? Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 11, 194–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, K., Bruck, M., Wright, D. B., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Review of the contemporary literature on how children report sexual abuse to others: Findings, methodological issues, and implications for forensic interviewers. Memory, 16, 29–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S, & Gasser, U (2013). Teens and mobile apps privacy. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/08/22/teens-and-mobile-apps-privacy/

  • Malloy, L. C., Brubacher, S. P., & Lamb, M. E. (2011). Expected consequences of disclosure revealed in investigative interviews with suspected victims of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science, 15(1), 8–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2007). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 162–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloy, L. C., Mugno, A. P., Rivard, J. R., Lyon, T. D., & Quas, J. A. (2016). Familial influences on recantation in substantiated child sexual abuse cases. Child Maltreatment, 21(3), 256–261.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mansbridge, J., & Shames, S. (2008). Toward a theory of backlash: Dynamic resistance and the central role of power. Politics & Gender Journal, 4(4), 623–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masilo, G. M., & Davhana-Maselesele, M. (2016). Experiences of mothers of sexually abused children in north-west province, post disclosure. Curationis, 39(1), a1659. https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v39i1.1659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElvaney, R., Greene, S., & Hogan, D. (2012). Containing the secret of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 1155–1175.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melville, J. D., Kellogg, N. D., Perez, N., & Lukefahr, J. L. (2014). Assessment for self-blame and trauma symptoms during the medical evaluation of suspected sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38, 851–857.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Backlash. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/backlash

  • Mian, M., Wehrspan, W., Klajner-Diamond, H., LeBaron, D., & Winder, C. (1986). Review of 125 children 6 years of age and under who were sexually abused. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 223–229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., Jones, L., & Wolak, J. (2010). Use of social networking sites in online sex crimes against minors: An examination of national incidence and means of utilization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 183–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Youth internet users at risk for the Most serious online sexual solicitations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6), 532–537.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., Jones, L. M., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2011). Internet-facilitated commercial sexual exploitation of children: Findings from a nationally representative sample of law enforcement agencies in the United States. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23(1), 43–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J. (Ed.). (1994). The backlash: Child protection under fire. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • NPR. (2012). Penn State abuse scandal: A guide and timeline. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/142111804/penn-state-abuse-scandal-a-guide-and-timeline

  • Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Young children’s references to temporal attributes of allegedly experienced events in the course of forensic interview. Child Development, 78, 1100–1120.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pew Research Center. (2017). Social media fact sheet. Retrieved January 12, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/

  • Pintello, D., & Zuravin, S. (2001). Intrafamilial child sexual abuse: Predictors of postdisclosure maternal belief and protective action. Child Maltreatment, 6, 344–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakovec-Felser, Z., & Vidovic, L. (2016). Maternal perceptions of and responses to child sexual abuse. Zdrav Var, 55(2), 124–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitsema, A. M., & Grietens, H. (2016). Is anybody listening? The literature on the dialogical process of child sexual abuse disclosure reviewed. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 7(3), 330–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saul, J., & Audage, N. C. (2007). Preventing child sexual abuse within youth-serving organizations: Getting started on policies and procedures. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaeffer, P., Leventhal, J. M., & Gottsegen Asnes, A. (2011). Children’s disclosures of sexual abuse: Learning from direct inquiry. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 343–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedlak, A. J., Mettenburg, J., Basena, M., Petta, I., McPherson, K., Greene, A., & Li, S. (2010). Fourth National Incidence Study of child abuse and neglect (NIS–4): Report to congress, executive summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2016). Children exposed to abuse in youth-serving organizations: Results from national sample surveys. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(2), e154493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöberg, R. L., & Lindblad, F. (2002). Limited disclosure of sexual abuse in children whose experiences were documented by videotape. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 312–314.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Statista Research Department. (2019). Number of social network users in the United States as of January 2015, by age. Retrieved from http://www.statista.com/statistics/243582/us-social-media-ser-age-groups/

  • Steward, M. S., Bussey, K., Goodman, G. S., & Saywitz, K. J. (1993). Implications of developmental research for interviewing children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 25–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(10), 1257–1274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashjian, S. M., Goldfarb, D., Goodman, G. S., Quas, J. A., & Edelstein, R. (2016). Delay in disclosure of non-parental child sexual abuse in context of emotional and physical maltreatment: A pilot study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 58, 149–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Boston Globe. (2002). Scores of priests involved in sex abuse cases. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/special-reports/2002/01/31/scores-priests-involved-sex-abuse-cases/kmRm7JtqBdEZ8UF0ucR16L/story.html

  • Topping, K. J., & Barron, I. G. (2009). School-based child abuse prevention programs: A review of effectiveness. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 431–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turchi, R. M., & Giardino, A. P. (2019). Medical home and health care systems. In M. L. Batshaw, N. J. Roizen, & L. Pellegrino (Eds.), Children with disabilities (pp. 799–817). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, H. A., Vanderminden, J., Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S., & Shattuck, A. (2011). Disability and victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Maltreatment, 16, 275–286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, S. E. (2007). Relationship to perpetrator, disclosure, social reactions, and PTSD symptoms in child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 16, 19–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). School-aged children with disabilities in U.S. metropolitan statistical areas: 2010. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/acs/acsbr10-12.html

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (USDHHS). (2014). Child health USA 2014. Rockville, MA: Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources & Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau (USDHHS). (2019). Children with Special Health Care Needs. Retrieved from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/maternal-child-health-topics/children-and-youth-special-health-needs

  • van Toledo, A., & Seymour, F. (2016). Caregiver needs following disclosure of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(4), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1156206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L.-H., Lu, T., & Tsai, C.-H. (2016). Children’s disclosure of sexual abuse during early forensic psychiatric evaluation in southern Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 115, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherred, J. L. (2015). Child sexual abuse and the media: A literature review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(1), 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.976302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2013). Are crimes by online predators different from crimes by sex offenders who know youth in-person? Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 736–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Kimberly, M. (2008). Online “predators” and their victims: Myths, realities, and implications for prevention treatment. American Psychology, 63, 111–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., & Mitchell, K. (2009). Trends in arrests of “online predators”. Durham, NH: Crimes Against Children Research Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M., & Mitchell, K. (2008). How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation and harassment occurs. Pediatrics, 121, e350–e357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Child & Adolescent Protection Center, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA

    Tanya S. Hinds

  2. Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Angelo P. Giardino

Authors
  1. Tanya S. Hinds
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Angelo P. Giardino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hinds, T.S., Giardino, A.P. (2020). Related Issues. In: Child Sexual Abuse. SpringerBriefs in Public Health(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52549-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52549-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52548-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52549-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation