Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Systemic Therapy for Brain Metastases in Other Primary Cancers (Genitourinary, Gastrointestinal, Gynecology, Head/Neck)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Central Nervous System Metastases

  • 641 Accesses

Abstract

Brain metastases are much more common than primary brain tumors and their overall incidence has increased in the setting of improved  cancer treatments and neuroimaging modalities. Across all malignancies, 8–10% patients will develop brain metastases, with 25% of them being the result of less common primary malignancies (i.e., excluding the lung, breast, or melanomas). Standardized treatment regimens for brain metastases are difficult to create due to the significant diversity of primary malignancy, variable genetic and molecular profiles, and limited penetration of systemic therapy through the blood-brain barrier. Although less common, brain metastases from gastrointestinal, head/neck, genitourinary, and gynecological malignancies still carry significant morbidity and mortality. We will discuss the use of systemic therapy for the treatment of brain metastases in these cancers, which has fortunately improved alongside the rapidly expanding field of oncology therapeutics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Nussbaum ES, Djalilian HR, Cho KH, Hall WA. Brain metastases. Histology, multiplicity, surgery, and survival. Cancer. 1996;78(8):1781–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. DeAngelis LM, Posner JB, editors. Neurologic complications of cancer. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Owonikoko TK, Arbiser J, Zelnak A, et al. Current approaches to the treatment of metastatic brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(4):203–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Sita TL, Petras KG, Wafford QE, Berendsen MA, Kruser TJ. Radiotherapy for cranial and brain metastases from prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Neuro-Oncol. 2017;133(3):531–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Maher EA, Mietz J, Arteaga CL, DePinho RA, Mohla S. Brain metastasis: opportunities in basic and translational research. Cancer Res. 2009;69(15):6015–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lin X, DeAngelis LM. Treatment of brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(30):3475–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Parrish KE, Sarkaria JN, Elmquist WF. Improving drug delivery to primary and metastatic brain tumors: strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;97(4):336–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jemal A, Simard EP, Dorell C, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus(HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(3):175–201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Burt RW, DiSario JA, Cannon-Albright L. Genetics of colon cancer: impact of inheritance on colon cancer risk. Annu Rev Med. 1995;46:371–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ponz de Leon M, Sassatelli R, Benatti P, Roncucci L. Identification of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer in the general population. The 6-year experience of a population-based registry. Cancer. 1993;71(11):3493–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology. 1993;104(5):1535–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Attard TM, Giglio P, Koppula S, Snyder C, Lynch HT. Brain tumors in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis: a cancer registry experience and pooled case report analysis. Cancer. 2007;109(4):761–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, et al. The molecular basis of Turcot’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(13):839–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Magge R, Diamond EL. Neurological complications of gastrointestinal cancer. In: Schiff D, Arrillaga I, Wen PY, editors. Cancer neurology in clinical practice: neurological complications of cancer and its treatment. Zurich: Springer; 2018. p. 471–84.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  17. Michl M, Thurmaier J, Schubert-Fritschle G, et al. Brain metastasis in colorectal cancer patients: survival and analysis of prognostic factors. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2015;14(4):281–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Amichetti M, Lay G, Dessi M, et al. Results of whole brain radiation therapy in patients with brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Tumori. 2005;91(2):163–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wronski M, Arbit E. Resection of brain metastases from colorectal carcinoma in 73 patients. Cancer. 1999;85(8):1677–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Esmaeilzadeh M, Majlesara A, Faridar A, et al. Brain metastasis from gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(7):890–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Martini G, Troiani T, Cardone C, et al. Present and future of metastatic colorectal cancer treatment: a review of new candidate targets. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(26):4675–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Tokoro T, Okuno K, Hida JC, et al. Prognostic factors for patients with advanced colorectal cancer and symptomatic brain metastases. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2014;13(4):226–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tanriverdi O, Kaytan-Saglam E, Ulger S, et al. The clinical and pathological features of 133 colorectal cancer patients with brain metastasis: a multicenter retrospective analysis of the Gastrointestinal Tumors Working Committee of the Turkish Oncology Group (TOG). Med Oncol. 2014;31(9):152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yaeger R, Cowell E, Chou JF, et al. RAS mutations affect pattern of metastatic spread and increase propensity for brain metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2015;121(8):1195–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tie J, Lipton L, Desai J, et al. KRAS mutation is associated with lung metastasis in patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(5):1122–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kemeny NE, Chou JF, Capanu M, et al. KRAS mutation influences recurrence patterns in patients undergoing hepatic resection of colorectal metastases. Cancer. 2014;120(24):3965–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Magni E, Santoro L, Ravenda PS, et al. Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: main clinical factors conditioning outcome. Int J Color Dis. 2014;29(2):201–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mongan JP, Fadul CE, Cole BF, et al. Brain metastases from colorectal cancer: risk factors, incidence, and the possible role of chemokines. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2009;8(2):100–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Tran B, Kopetz S, Tie J, et al. Impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on the pattern of metastatic spread and prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(20):4623–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Scartozzi M, Bearzi I, Berardi R, Mandolesi A, Fabris G, Cascinu S. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in primary colorectal tumors does not correlate with EGFR expression in related metastatic sites: implications for treatment with EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(23):4772–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Maglio G, Casagrande M, Guardascione M, et al. MGMT promoter methylation status in brain metastases from colorectal cancer and corresponding primary tumors. Future Oncol. 2015;11(8):1201–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Onodera H, Nagayama S, Tachibana T, Fujimoto A, Imamura M. Brain metastasis from colorectal cancer. Int J Color Dis. 2005;20(1):57–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Christensen TD, Spindler KL, Palshof JA, Nielsen DL. Systematic review: brain metastases from colorectal cancer--incidence and patient characteristics. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:260.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD. Oesophageal carcinoma. Lancet. 2013;381(9864):400–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gabrielsen TO, Eldevik OP, Orringer MB, Marshall BL. Esophageal carcinoma metastatic to the brain: clinical value and cost-effectiveness of routine enhanced head CT before esophagectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(9):1915–21.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Welch G, Ross HJ, Patel NP, et al. Incidence of brain metastasis from esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(9):1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Weinberg JS, Suki D, Hanbali F, Cohen ZR, Lenzi R, Sawaya R. Metastasis of esophageal carcinoma to the brain. Cancer. 2003;98(9):1925–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wadhwa R, Taketa T, Correa AM, et al. Incidence of brain metastases after trimodality therapy in patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal cancer: implications for screening and surveillance. Oncology. 2013;85(4):204–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Go PH, Klaassen Z, Meadows MC, Chamberlain RS. Gastrointestinal cancer and brain metastasis: a rare and ominous sign. Cancer. 2011;117(16):3630–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith RS, Miller RC. Incidence of brain metastasis in patients with esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(19):2407–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Ogawa K, Toita T, Sueyama H, et al. Brain metastases from esophageal carcinoma: natural history, prognostic factors, and outcome. Cancer. 2002;94(3):759–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sjoquist KM, Burmeister BH, Smithers BM, et al. Survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for resectable oesophageal carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):681–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Abu Hejleh T, Deyoung BR, Engelman E, et al. Relationship between HER-2 overexpression and brain metastasis in esophageal cancer patients. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2012;4(5):103–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Preusser M, Berghoff AS, Ilhan-Mutlu A, et al. Brain metastases of gastro-oesophageal cancer: evaluation of molecules with relevance for targeted therapies. Anticancer Res. 2013;33(3):1065–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mathers CD, Shibuya K, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Global and regional estimates of cancer mortality and incidence by site: I. Application of regional cancer survival model to estimate cancer mortality distribution by site. BMC Cancer. 2002;2:36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(31):4991–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kim M. Intracranial involvement by metastatic advanced gastric carcinoma. J Neuro-Oncol. 1999;43(1):59–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. York JE, Stringer J, Ajani JA, Wildrick DM, Gokaslan ZL. Gastric cancer and metastasis to the brain. Ann Surg Oncol. 1999;6(8):771–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lemke J, Barth TF, Juchems M, Kapapa T, Henne-Bruns D, Kornmann M. Long-term survival following resection of brain metastases from pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Res. 2011;31(12):4599–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kasakura Y, Fujii M, Mochizuki F, Suzuki T, Takahashi T. Clinicopathological study of brain metastasis in gastric cancer patients. Surg Today. 2000;30(6):485–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Jun KH, Lee JE, Kim SH, et al. Clinicopathological significance of N-cadherin and VEGF in advanced gastric cancer brain metastasis and the effects of metformin in preclinical models. Oncol Rep. 2015;34(4):2047–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bosch FX, Ribes J, Diaz M, Cleries R. Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S5–s16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Gaddikeri S, McNeeley MF, Wang CL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(1):W34–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Menis J, Fontanella C, Follador A, Fasola G, Aprile G. Brain metastases from gastrointestinal tumours: tailoring the approach to maximize the outcome. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;85(1):32–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Jiang XB, Ke C, Zhang GH, et al. Brain metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical features and prognostic factors. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Hsiao SY, Chen SF, Chang CC, et al. Central nervous system involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical characteristics and comparison of intracranial and spinal metastatic groups. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(3):364–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lim S, Lee S, Lim JY, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma specific graded prognostic assessment can predict outcomes for patients with brain metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma. J Neuro-Oncol. 2014;120(1):199–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Han MS, Moon KS, Lee KH, et al. Brain metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of surgery as a prognostic factor. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:567.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Kato H, Yoshida H, Taniguch H, et al. Cyberknife treatment for advanced or terminal stage hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(46):13101–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(4):378–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Llovet JM, Villanueva A, Lachenmayer A, Finn RS. Advances in targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma in the genomic era. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(7):408–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hammoud GM, Ibdah JA. Are we getting closer to understanding intratumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2016;5(2):188–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Ohri N, Kaubisch A, Garg M, Guha C. Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2016;26(4):338–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tannock IF, Hickman JA. Limits to personalized cancer medicine. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(13):1289–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Wang S, Wang A, Lin J, et al. Brain metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advances and future avenues. Oncotarget. 2017;8(15):25814–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Hidalgo M, Cascinu S, Kleeff J, et al. Addressing the challenges of pancreatic cancer: future directions for improving outcomes. Pancreatology. 2015;15(1):8–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ilic M, Ilic I. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(44):9694–705.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Lemke J, Scheele J, Kapapa T, Wirtz CR, Henne-Bruns D, Kornmann M. Brain metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(2):4163–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Park KS, Kim M, Park SH, Lee KW. Nervous system involvement by pancreatic cancer. J Neuro-Oncol. 2003;63(3):313–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Kamisawa T, Wood LD, Itoi T, Takaori K. Pancreatic cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10039):73–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Sharma A, Sharma KL, Gupta A, Yadav A, Kumar A. Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: recent update. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(22):3978–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Takano S, Yoshii Y, Owada T, Shirai S, Nose T. Central nervous system metastasis from gallbladder carcinoma--case report. Neurol Med Chir. 1991;31(12):782–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Daines WP, Rajagopalan V, Grossbard ML, Kozuch P. Gallbladder and biliary tract carcinoma: a comprehensive update, Part 2. Oncology (Williston Park). 2004;18(8):1049–59; discussion 1060, 1065–1046, 1068.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(1):10–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Haddad RI, Shin DM. Recent advances in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(11):1143–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shah JP. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg. 1990;160(4):405–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kotwall C, Sako K, Razack MS, Rao U, Bakamjian V, Shedd DP. Metastatic patterns in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg. 1987;154(4):439–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Xie X, O’Neill W, Pan Q. Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer: the future of treatment? Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017;17(6):701–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Patel RA, Bell JB, Kim T, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary head and neck carcinomas: a retrospective analysis. J Neuro-Oncol. 2017;134(1):197–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Batsakis JG. Chemodectomas of the head and neck. In: Batsakis JG, editor. Tumors of the head and neck. Clinical and pathological considerations. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1976. p. 280–8.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lips C, Lentjes E, Hoppener J, Luijt R, Moll F. Familial paragangliomas. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2006;4(4):169–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Lee JH, Barich F, Karnell LH, et al. National Cancer Data Base report on malignant paragangliomas of the head and neck. Cancer. 2002;94(3):730–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Moore MG, Netterville JL, Mendenhall WM, Isaacson B, Nussenbaum B. Head and neck paragangliomas: an update on evaluation and management. Otolaryngology. 2016;154(4):597–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Wang X, Zhu X, Chen J, Liu Y, Mao Q. Metastatic brain carotid body paraganglioma with endocrine activity: a case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg. 2017;33:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Guo J, Zhong C, Liu Q, et al. Intracranial choriocarcinoma occurrence in males: two cases and a review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2013;6(5):1329–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Altieri A, Franceschi S, Ferlay J, Smith J, La Vecchia C. Epidemiology and aetiology of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4(11):670–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Graf AH, Buchberger W, Langmayr H, Schmid KW. Site preference of metastatic tumours of the brain. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;412(5):493–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Berkowitz RS, Goldstein DP. Current management of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112(3):654–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Neubauer NL, Latif N, Kalakota K, et al. Brain metastasis in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: an update. J Reprod Med. 2012;57(7–8):288–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Cagayan MS, Lu-Lasala LR. Management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with metastasis to the central nervous system: a 12-year review at the Philippine General Hospital. J Reprod Med. 2006;51(10):785–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Savage P, Kelpanides I, Tuthill M, Short D, Seckl MJ. Brain metastases in gestational trophoblast neoplasia: an update on incidence, management and outcome. Gynecol Oncol. 2015;137(1):73–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yordan EL Jr, Schlaerth J, Gaddis O, Morrow CP. Radiation therapy in the management of gestational choriocarcinoma metastatic to the central nervous system. Obstet Gynecol. 1987;69(4):627–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Newlands ES, Holden L, Seckl MJ, McNeish I, Strickland S, Rustin GJ. Management of brain metastases in patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. J Reprod Med. 2002;47(6):465–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ghaemmaghami F, Behtash N, Memarpour N, Soleimani K, Hanjani P, Hashemi FA. Evaluation and management of brain metastatic patients with high-risk gestational trophoblastic tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14(5):966–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Soper JT, Spillman M, Sampson JH, Kirkpatrick JP, Wolf JK, Clarke-Pearson DL. High-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with brain metastases: individualized multidisciplinary therapy in the management of four patients. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104(3):691–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Borst P, Evers R, Kool M, Wijnholds J. A family of drug transporters: the multidrug resistance-associated proteins. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(16):1295–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Wijnholds J, de Lange EC, Scheffer GL, et al. Multidrug resistance protein 1 protects the choroid plexus epithelium and contributes to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(3):279–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Monaco E 3rd, Kondziolka D, Mongia S, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Management of brain metastases from ovarian and endometrial carcinoma with stereotactic radiosurgery. Cancer. 2008;113(9):2610–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC Cancerbase no. 11 [internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Ly KI, Mrugala MM. Neurological complications of female reproductive tract cancers. In: Schiff D, Arrillaga I, Wen PY, editors. Cancer neurology in clinical practice: neurological complications of cancer and its treatment. Zurich: Springer; 2018. p. 497–514.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  101. Pakneshan S, Safarpour D, Tavassoli F, Jabbari B. Brain metastasis from ovarian cancer: a systematic review. J Neuro-Oncol. 2014;119(1):1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Cormio G, Maneo A, Colamaria A, Loverro G, Lissoni A, Selvaggi L. Surgical resection of solitary brain metastasis from ovarian carcinoma: an analysis of 22 cases. Gynecol Oncol. 2003;89(1):116–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Niu X, Rajanbabu A, Delisle M, et al. Brain metastases in women with epithelial ovarian cancer: multimodal treatment including surgery or gamma-knife radiation is associated with prolonged survival. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(9):816–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Kwon JW, Yoon JH, Lim MC, et al. Treatment results and prognostic factors of brain metastases from ovarian cancer: a single institutional experience of 56 patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2018;28(8):1631–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Chura JC, Shukla K, Argenta PA. Brain metastasis from cervical carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007;17(1):141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cormio G, Pellegrino A, Landoni F, et al. Brain metastases from cervical carcinoma. Tumori. 1996;82(4):394–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Fetcko K, Gondim DD, Bonnin JM, Dey M. Cervical cancer metastasis to the brain: a case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8:181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Mahmoud-Ahmed AS, Suh JH, Barnett GH, Webster KD, Kennedy AW. Tumor distribution and survival in six patients with brain metastases from cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2001;81(2):196–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Matsunaga S, Shuto T, Sato M. Gamma knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors from gynecologic cancer. World Neurosurg. 2016;89:455–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Onstad MA, Schmandt RE, Lu KH. Addressing the role of obesity in endometrial cancer risk, prevention, and treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(35):4225–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Lortet-Tieulent J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Jemal A. International patterns and trends in endometrial cancer incidence, 1978-2013. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(4):354–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cormio G, Lissoni A, Losa G, Zanetta G, Pellegrino A, Mangioni C. Brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61(1):40–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Cybulska P, Stasenko M, Alter R, et al. Brain metastases in patients with low-grade endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2018;26:87–90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Gien LT, Kwon JS, D’Souza DP, et al. Brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma: a retrospective study. Gynecol Oncol. 2004;93(2):524–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Sorosky JI. Endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(2 Pt 1):383–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Uccella S, Morris JM, Multinu F, et al. Primary brain metastases of endometrial cancer: a report of 18 cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;142(1):70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, et al. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975–2012. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/, based on November 2014 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2015. Accessed June 2015.

  118. Catane R, Kaufman J, West C, Merrin C, Tsukada Y, Murphy GP. Brain metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. Cancer. 1976;38(6):2583–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Chung TS, Thannikkary C. Carcinoma of the prostate with brain metastasis. J Surg Oncol. 1986;33(2):103–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Lynes WL, Bostwick DG, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Parenchymal brain metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology. 1986;28(4):280–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. McCutcheon IE, Eng DY, Logothetis CJ. Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment. Cancer. 1999;86(11):2301–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Tremont-Lukats IW, Bobustuc G, Lagos GK, Lolas K, Kyritsis AP, Puduvalli VK. Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer. 2003;98(2):363–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Hatzoglou V, Patel GV, Morris MJ, et al. Brain metastases from prostate cancer: an 11-year analysis in the MRI era with emphasis on imaging characteristics, incidence, and prognosis. J Neuroimaging. 2014;24(2):161–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Bubendorf L, Schopfer A, Wagner U, et al. Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients. Hum Pathol. 2000;31(5):578–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Long MA, Husband JE. Features of unusual metastases from prostate cancer. Br J Radiol. 1999;72(862):933–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Raizer JJ, DeAngelis LM. Cerebral sinus thrombosis diagnosed by MRI and MR venography in cancer patients. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1222–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Dural metastases. A retrospective surgical and autopsy series. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(7):880–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Hoffman RM, Koyama T, Fan KH, et al. Mortality after radical prostatectomy or external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(10):711–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Nepple KG, Stephenson AJ, Kallogjeri D, et al. Mortality after prostate cancer treatment with radical prostatectomy, external-beam radiation therapy, or brachytherapy in men without comorbidity. Eur Urol. 2013;64(3):372–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Basch E, Loblaw DA, Oliver TK, Carducci M, Chen RC, Frame JN, et al. Systemic therapy in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Care Ontario clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(30):3436–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Kim YH, Kim JW, Chung HT, Paek SH, Kim DG, Jung HW. Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Prog Neurol Surg. 2012;25:163–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sheehan JP, Sun MH, Kondziolka D, Flickinger J, Lunsford LD. Radiosurgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the brain: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing survival and local tumor control. J Neurosurg. 2003;98(2):342–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Bennani O, Derrey S, Langlois O, et al. Brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Neuro-Chirurgie. 2014;60(1–2):12–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Posner JB. Neurologic complications of cancer. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Choi WH, Koh YC, Song SW, Roh HG, Lim SD. Extremely delayed brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Brain Tumor Res Treat. 2013;1(2):99–102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Muacevic A, Siebels M, Tonn JC, Wowra B. Treatment of brain metastases in renal cell carcinoma: radiotherapy, radiosurgery, or surgery? World J Urol. 2005;23(3):180–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Saitoh H. Distant metastasis of renal adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 1981;48(6):1487–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Ramalingam S, George DJ, Harrison MR. How we treat brain metastases in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2018;16(2):110–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Chevreau C, Ravaud A, Escudier B, et al. A phase II trial of sunitinib in patients with renal cell cancer and untreated brain metastases. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2014;12(1):50–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Motzer RJ, Hutson TE, Glen H, et al. Lenvatinib, everolimus, and the combination in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, phase 2, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(15):1473–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Escudier BJ, Chabaud S, Borchiellini D, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and brain metastases: preliminary results from the GETUG-AFU 26 (Nivoren) study [ASCO abstract 4563]. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(15 suppl):4563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Rothermundt C, Hader C, Gillessen S. Successful treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody for progressing brain metastases in renal cell cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(3):544–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Kishi K, Hirota T, Matsumoto K, Kakizoe T, Murase T, Fujita J. Carcinoma of the bladder: a clinical and pathological analysis of 87 autopsy cases. J Urol. 1981;125(1):36–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Schaefer O, Lohrmann C, Harder J, Veelken H, Langer M. Treatment of renal cell carcinoma-associated dermatomyositis with renal arterial embolization and percutaneous radiofrequency heat ablation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15(1 Pt 1):97–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Anderson TS, Regine WF, Kryscio R, Patchell RA. Neurologic complications of bladder carcinoma: a review of 359 cases. Cancer. 2003;97(9):2267–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Mahmoud-Ahmed AS, Suh JH, Kupelian PA, et al. Brain metastases from bladder carcinoma: presentation, treatment and survival. J Urol. 2002;167(6):2419–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Dhote R, Beuzeboc P, Thiounn N, et al. High incidence of brain metastases in patients treated with an M-VAC regimen for advanced bladder cancer. Eur Urol. 1998;33(4):392–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Sheinfeld J, Bajorin D. Management of the postchemotherapy residual mass. Urol Clin North Am. 1993;20(1):133–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Raina V, Singh SP, Kamble N, et al. Brain metastasis as the site of relapse in germ cell tumor of testis. Cancer. 1993;72(7):2182–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Fossa SD, Bokemeyer C, Gerl A, et al. Treatment outcome of patients with brain metastases from malignant germ cell tumors. Cancer. 1999;85(4):988–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Nonomura N, Nagahara A, Oka D, et al. Brain metastases from testicular germ cell tumors: a retrospective analysis. Int J Urol. 2009;16(11):887–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Ginsberg S, Kirshner J, Reich S, et al. Systemic chemotherapy for a primary germ cell tumor of the brain: a pharmacokinetic study. Cancer Treat Rep. 1981;65(5–6):477–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Taylor J. Neurological complications of genitourinary cancer. In: Schiff D, Arrillaga I, Wen PY, editors. Cancer neurology in clinical practice: neurological complications of cancer and its treatment. Zurich: Springer; 2018. p. 485–96.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Karishma M. Parikh & Rajiv S. Magge

Authors
  1. Karishma M. Parikh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajiv S. Magge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajiv S. Magge .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, Director - Brain Metastases Program, New York, NY, USA

    Rohan Ramakrishna

  2. Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Rajiv S. Magge

  3. Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Ali A. Baaj

  4. Department of Radiation Oncology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Jonathan P.S. Knisely

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Parikh, K.M., Magge, R.S. (2020). Systemic Therapy for Brain Metastases in Other Primary Cancers (Genitourinary, Gastrointestinal, Gynecology, Head/Neck). In: Ramakrishna, R., Magge, R., Baaj, A., Knisely, J. (eds) Central Nervous System Metastases. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42958-4_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42958-4_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42957-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42958-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation