Abstract
Chemical elements are renewed in the environment, being removed and returned to nature continuously by means biological, chemical and geological processes, constituting the biogeochemical cycles. The carbon footprint, a derived application of this cycle, became a strategy to understand and to reduce the generation of CO2 from agroindustrial activities—considering that it is a greenhouse gas. Organic matter originates from the decomposition of residues from plant biomass and animal remains that, through chemical, physical and biological processes, undergo structural modification giving rise to a series of organic compounds, whose main representatives are humic substances. On the other hand, environmental issues can be generated from biomass production and processing as greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Then, this Chapter presents concepts of environmental chemistry applied to the context of biomass processing (Parts of this chapter were reproduced with permission from: Vaz Jr. (2019) Scenarios, Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry. ISSN 2177-4439, Embrapa Agroenergia, Brasília. Copyright information: 2019, Embrapa Agroenergia, Parts of this chapter were reproduced with permission from: Vaz Jr. (2018) Analytical Chemistry Applied to Emerging Pollutants. Springer Nature, Cham. Copyright information: 2018, Springer Nature,, Parts of this chapter were reproduced with permission from: Vaz Jr. (Ed) (2019) Sustainable Agrochemistry—A Compendium of Technologies. Springer Nature, Cham. Copyright information: 2019, Springer Nature).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
According to the [7], emissions are measured in CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq)—a metric used to compare different greenhouse gases.
References
Anderson TR, Hawkins E, Jones PD (2016) CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today’s Earth system models. Endeavour 40:178–187
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (2020a) Low-carbon emission agriculture. https://www.embrapa.br/tema-agricultura-de-baixo-carbono/sobre-o-tema. Accessed April 2020
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (2020b) Mudança do clima (Climate change). https://www.embrapa.br/en/visao/mudanca-do-clima. Accessed June 2020
Burdon J (2001) Are the traditional concepts of the structures of humic substances realistic? Soil Sci 166:752–769
Clapp CE, Hayes MHB, Senesi N, Bloom PR, Jardine PM (eds) (2001) Humic substances and chemical contaminants. Soil Society of America, Madison
Diallo MS, Simpson A, Gassman P, Faulon JL, Johnson-Jr JH, Goddard WA, Hatcher PG (2003) 3-D structural modeling of humic acids through experimental characterization, computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations. 1. Chelsea soil humic acid. Environ Sci Technol 37:1783–1793
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014) Greenhouse gas emission from agriculture, forestry and other land use. http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/218650/. Accessed April 2020
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020a) Wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture. http://www.fao.org/land-water/water/water-management/wastewater/en/. Accessed April 2020
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020b) FAO soils portal. http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-management/soil-carbon-sequestration/pt/. Accessed April 2020
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2020) IUPAC Gold book. https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms. Accessed April 2020
Jenkinson EJ, Adamns DE, Wild A (1991) Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming. Nature 351:304–306
Martín-Neto L, Tragghetta DG, Vaz CMP Jr, Crestana S, Sposito G (2001) On the interaction mechanisms of atrazine and hydroxyatrazine with humic substances. J Environ Quality 30:520–525
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2009) The bioeconomy to 2030: designing a policy agenda. http://www.oecd.org/futures/long-termtechnologicalsocietalchallenges/thebioeconomyto2030designingapolicyagenda.htm. Accessed April 2020
Piccolo A (2001) The supramolecular structure of humic substances. Soil Sci 166:810–832
Piccolo A, Spaccini R, Savy D, Drosos M, Cozzolino V (2019) The soil humeome: chemical structure, functions and technological perspectives. In: Vaz S Jr (ed) Sustainable agrochemistry—a compendium of technologies. Springer Nature, Cham
Ruane AC, Phillips MM, Rosenzweig C (2018) Climate shifts within major agricultural seasons for +1.5 and +2.0 °C worlds: HAPPI projections and AgMIP modeling scenarios. Agric Forest Meteorol 259:329–344
Snoeyink VL, Jenkins D (1996) Química del água (Water chemistry). Limusa, México City
Stevenson FJ (1994) Humus chemistry: genesis, composition, reaction, 2nd edn. Willey, New York
Sutton R, Sposito G (2005) Molecular structure in soil humic substances: the new view. Environ Sci Technol 39:9009–9015
Swift RS (1999) Macromolecular properties of soil humic substances: fact, fiction, and opinion. Soil Sci 164:760–802
Tatzber M, Stemme M, Spiegel H, Katzlberger C, Hanernhauer G, Gerzabek MH (2008) Impact of different tillage practices on molecular characteristics of humic acids in a long-term field experiment—an application of three different spectroscopic methods. Sci Total Environ 406:256–268
Uhde E, Salthammer T (2007) Impact of reaction products from building materials and furnishings on indoor air quality—a review of recent advances in indoor chemistry. Atmos Environ 41:3111–3128
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2020) The 2020 world water development report. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/. Accessed April 2020
United Nations (2020) Sustainable development goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/. Accessed April 2020
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2020a) Greenhouse gas emissions. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data. Accessed April 2020
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2020b) Water reuse and recycling. https://www3.epa.gov/region9/water/recycling/. Accessed April 2020
World Health Organization (2006) WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater—v. 2. Wastewater use in agriculture. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vaz Jr., S. (2020). Basis of Environmental Chemistry for Biomass. In: Treatment of Agroindustrial Biomass Residues. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58850-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58850-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58849-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58850-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)