Skip to main content

Women’s Spaces, Voices and Action

Pathways to (dis) empowerment

  • Chapter
An Integrated Systems Model for Preventing Child Sexual Abuse

Abstract

The Trinidadian artist Candice Sobers depicts the gendered roles of a woman in her painting Self Sacrifice. The woman’s inability to escape her lived realities of suppression is portrayed; they are overwhelm- ing and all-encompassing, but hope and renewal are also manifest. Disadvantage, oppression and a yearning for betterment intersect in a Caribbean milieu; her arms outstretched and reaching for her- self — outward and within. Sobers describes ‘Self Sacrifice’ as a ‘silent suffering and repressed existence’ (Candice Sobers, personal com- munication, 14 January 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • African Union (2003) ‘Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’, Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, http://www.achpr.org/files/instru-ments/women-protocol/achpr_instr_proto_women_Eng.pdf, accessed 17 December 2013.

  • African Union (2004) ‘Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality on Africa’, http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/treaty/AU_GenderSolemnDec04.pdf, accessed 16 December 2013.

  • Aiken, J. H. and Goldwasser, K. (2010) ‘The perils of empowerment’, Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 20,139–180, http://scholarship.law.georget-own.edu/facpub/501/, accessed 28 December 2013.

  • Ariza, M. and De Oliveira, O. (2001) ‘Contrasting scenarios: non-residential family formation patterns in the Caribbean and Europe’, International review of sociology, 11(1),47–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arscott-Mills, S. (2001) ‘Intimate partner violence in Jamaica’, Violence against women, 7(11), 1284–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baksh, R. and Vassell, L. (2013) ‘Women’s citizenship in the democracies of the Americas: the English-speaking Caribbean, Inter-American Commission of Women, OAS and International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, International IDEA’, http://www.oas.org/en/CIM/docs/ CiudadaniaMujeresDemocracia-Caribbean-EN.pdf, accessed 8 January 2014.

  • Barriteau, U. (2003) Confronting power, theorizing gender: interdisciplinary perspectives in the Caribbean. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, C. (1996) Family in the Caribbean: themes and perspectives. Kingston and Oxford: Ian Rändle and James Currey

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, C. (2010). Caribbean Childhoods ‘outside’, ‘adopted’ or ‘left behind’: ‘good Enough’ Parenting and Moral Families. Jamaica: Ian Rändle Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. (2001) Walking on fire: Haitian women’s stories of survival and resistance. New York: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose, C. E., and Acosta-Belén, E. (eds) (1995) Women in the Latin American development process. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caribbean Development Bank (2005) ‘Promoting an integrated social protection framework for the Caribbean’, http://www.caribank.org/uploads/pub-lications-reports/staff-papers/COSHOD_SP2_April27-29 [1].pdf, accessed 5 December 2013.

  • CARICOM and United Nations Development Programme (2012) The Caribbean Human Development Report (HDR) 2012: Human Development and the Shift to Better Citizen Security, New York: UNDP. http://hdr-caribbean.regional-centrelac-undp.org/, accessed 3 January 2014.

  • Casas, J. A., Dachs, N. W. and Bambas, A. (2001) ‘Health disparities in Latin America and the Caribbean: the role of social and economic determinants’, Equity and health, 8,22–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • CIM (2009) Strategies to address the links between GBV and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 2. Organization de los Estados Americanos (OAS), Comision Interamericana de Mujeres (CIM).

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2009) Black feminist thought. Theories of race and racism: a reader. London/New York: Routledge,459–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Contreras, J. M., Bott, S., Guedes, A. and Dartnall, E. (2010) ‘Sexual violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: a desk review’, Sexual violence research initiative, http://www.svri.org, accessed 15 March 2014.

  • Da Breo, H., Jones, A. D., Trotman Jemmott, E. and Maharaj, P. E. (2014) Project RISE. Report in preparation, available from www.sweetwaterfoundation.ca/

  • Dalai, K. (2011) ‘Does economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence?’, Journal of injury and violence research, 3(1),35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darrow, M. (2012) ‘The millennium development goals: milestones or millstones? human rights priorities for the post-2015 development agenda’, Yale Human Rights and Development Law Journal, XV,55–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, L. (2013) Age-responsive climate change policies in small island developing states’, Small states digest, i2, http://secretariat.thecommonwealth.org/ files/256075/ FileName/SSD2013Issue2.pdf, accessed 11 January 2014.

  • ECLAC/UNIFEM (2003a) ‘Eliminating gender-based violence, ensuring equality, ECLAC/UNIFEM, http://www.cepal.Org/publicaciones/xml/0/38620/lcarg764. pdf, accessed 10 January 2014.

  • ECLAC/UNIFEM (2003b) Regional Assessment of Actions to End Violence Against Women in the Caribbean’, http://www.cepal.Org/publicaciones/xml/0/38620/ lcarg764.pdf, accessed 10 January 2014. Edge, D. and Rogers, A. (2005). ‘Dealing with it: Black Caribbean women’s response to adversity and psychological distress associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and early motherhood’, Social science and medicine, 61(1),15–25.

  • Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M. and Horwood, L. J. (2008). ‘Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and adjustment in early adulthood’, Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(6),607–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • FORWARD (2010) Women’s experiences, perceptions and attitudes of female genital mutilation, The Bristol PEER Study, London: FORWARD, http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/resources/publications, accessed 19 April 2014.

  • Fukuda-Parr, S. (2012) ‘Recapturing the Narrative of International Development Gender and Development Programme Paper, Number 18’, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/ (httpAuxPages)/026AC192E40B70CEC1257A37003 2E678/$file/Fukuda-Parr.pdf, accessed 6 January 2014.

  • Handwerker, W. P. (1998) ‘Why violence? a test of hypotheses representing three discourses on the roots of domestic violence’, Human organization, 57(2), 200–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry-Lee, A. and Le Franc, E. (2002) ‘Private poverty and gender in Guyana and Barbados’, Social and economic studies, 52(4), 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herz, B. and Sperling, G. B. (2004) What works in girls’ education: evidence and policies from the developing world. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, D. C, King, W., and Reed, L. (1995) ‘We specialize in the wholly impossible’: a reader in Black women’s history, Vol. 17. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Htun, M. and Piscopo, J. M. (2010) ‘Presence without empowerment? Women in politics in Latin America and the Caribbean. Paper prepared for the Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum’, December 2010, http://webarchive.ssrc.org/pdfs/ Mala_Htun_ andJennifer_M._PiscopoPresence_without_Empowerment_ CPPF_Briefing_Paper_Dec_2010_f.pdf, accessed 6 January 2014.

  • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank (2012) ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Policy Lessons from the World Bank Gender Action Plan’, http://www.genderinag.org/ sites/genderinag.org/files/sourcebook-spanish/GAP_ Lessons_Learned.pdf, accessed 06 January 2014.

  • Jones, A. D. and Trotman Jemmott, E. (2009) ‘Child sexual abuse in the eastern Caribbean: perceptions of, attitudes to, and opinions on child sexual abuse in the eastern Caribbean’, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/files/ Child_Sexual_Abuse_in_the_Eastern_Caribbean_Final_9_Nov.pdf, accessed 2 January 2014.

  • Jones, A. D. (ed.) (2013) Understanding child sexual abuse: perspectives from the Caribbean. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jones A. and Trotman Jemmott, E. (2013) A culturally-contexted study of perceptions, attitudes and opinions on child sexual abuse’, in A. Jones (ed.) Understanding child sexual abuse: perspectives from the Caribbean. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempadoo, K. and Doezema, J. (eds) (1998) Global sex workers: rights, resistance, and redefinition. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Franc, E., Samms-Vaughan, M., Hambleton, I., Fox, K. and Brown, D. (2008) ‘Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago’, Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 24(6),409–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C. F. and Charlotte, R. (2000) ‘Women accused of sexual offenses’, Behav Sei. Law, 18,73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandela, N. (2005) Speech by Mr. N R Mandela at the 46664 South Africa George Concert Fancourt, http://www.anc.org.za/nelson/show.php?id=2864, accessed 2 February 2014.

  • Mofolo, T. (2011) ‘Investigating the factors contributing to the development of women in Swaziland: perceptions of Swazi women and non-governmental organisations operating in Swaziland’, Africa insight, 41(2),110–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, K., Randolph, K., Toubia, N. and Kirberger, E. (1997). ‘The synergistic relationship between health and human rights: a case study using female genital mutilation’, Health and human rights,137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A.; Ellsberg, M. and Bott, S. (2004). Addressinggender-basedviolence in the Latin American and Caribbean region: a critical review of interventions. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3438. Washington, D.C., USA: World Bank, PATH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. B. and Ouimet, L. V. (2008) ‘Intimate partner violence: a call for social work action’, Health and Social Work, 33(4),309–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumayer, E. and Plumper, T. (2007) ‘The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002’, Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 97(3), 551–566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nopo, H. (2012) ‘New century, old disparities: gender and ethnic earnings gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean’, (Washington DC: The Inter-American Development Bank and Washington DC: The World Bank), http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/ getdocument.aspx?docnum=37204390, accessed 04 January 2014.

  • Olaleye, F. O. and Olufunke, A. M. (2013) ‘Provision of quality education for Nigerian children a tool for achieving millennium development goals (MDGS)’, Research journal in organizational psychology and educational studies (RJOPES) 2(5),233–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyëwùmï, O. (1997). The invention of women: making an African sense of western gender discourses. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan American Health Organization and Caribbean Community Secretariat (2006) ‘Report of the Caribbean Commission on Health and Development’, http://www.who.int/macrohealth/action/PAHO_Report.pdf, accessed 3 January 2014.

  • Pan American Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012) Violence Against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Washington, DC: PAHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichler, A. and Striessnig, E. (2013) ‘Haiti, and the Dominican Republic: the contribution of education’, Ecology and society, 18(3), 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, A. and Toubia, N. (eds) (2000) Female genital mutilation: a practical guide to worldwide laws & policies. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddock, R. (1998) ‘Women’s organizations and movements in the Commonwealth Caribbean: the response to global economic crisis in the 1980s’, Feminist Rreview, 59,57–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reddock, R. (2004) ‘Caribbean masculinities and femininities: the impact of globalization on cultural representations’ in B. Bailey and E. A. Leo-Rhynie (eds), Gender in the 21st century: Caribbean perspectives, visions and possibilities. Kingston: Ian Rändle Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (1986) Act 27 of 1986, Sexual Offences Act, http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/ll.28.pdf, accessed 8 January 2014.

  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (1999) Act 27 of 1999, Domestic Violence Act, http://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/45.56.pdf, accessed 11 January 2014.

  • Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (2000) Act 31 of 2000, Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act, http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2000–31.pdf, accessed 8 January 2014.

  • Schneider, R., Baumrind, N. and Kimerling, R. (2007) ‘Exposure to child abuse and risk for mental health problems in women’, Violence and victims, 22(5), 620–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, C. A., Martin, J. S. and Abel, W. D. (2010) ‘Domestic violence: its prevalence and profile’, West Indian Medical Journal, 59,1–2, http://caribbean.scielo.org/ pdf/wimj/v59nl/v59nla01.pdf, accessed 10 December 2013.

  • Silvestrini, B. G. (2001) ‘Women and resistance “herstory” in contemporary Caribbean history’ in B. L. Moore, B. W. Higman, C. Campbell and P. Bryan (eds) Slavery, freedom and gender: the dynamics of Caribbean society. Barbados: University ol the West Indies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. D. (2012) ‘School sell-evaluation: a Jamaican perspective’, Journal of third world studies, 29(1),137–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus M. A. (2009) ‘Gender symmetry in partner violence: the evidence and the implications lor primary prevention and treatment’ in J. R. Lutzker, D. J. Whitaker (eds), Prevention of partner violence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, S. (1996) ‘Female-headed families: a comparative perspective ol the Caribbean and the developed world’, Gender and development, 4(2),28–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toubia, N. (1994). ‘Female circumcision as a public health issue’, New England Journal of Medicine, 331(11),712–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trotman Jemmott, E. and Maharaj, P. E. (2013) ‘Gendered sexual relations and sexualized gender relations’ in A. D. Jones (ed.) Understanding child sexual abuse: perspectives from the Caribbean. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • UN Women (2013) ‘Caribbean Joint Statement on Gender Equality and the Post 2015 and SIDS Agenda’, http://www.unilemcar.org/photos/Joint-Statement-web.pdl, accessed 3 January 2014.

  • UNICEF (2003) ‘The state ol the world’s children 2004’, http://www.unicel.org/ sowc04/files/SOWC_O4_Eng.pdf, accessed 19 December 2013.

  • UNICEF (2005) ‘Female genital mutilation/cutting: a statistical exploration 2005’, http://www.unicel.org/publications/liles/FGM-C_linal_10_October. pdl, accessed 2 January 2014.

  • UNICEF (2006) ‘Violence against children in the Caribbean Region Regional Assessment, Panama: UNICEF Regional Office lor Latin America and the Caribbean’, http://www.unicel.org/lac/Caribe_web(l).pdl, accessed 3 January 2014.

  • UNICEF (2009) ‘Children in Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean: child rights-the unfinished agenda’, http://www.unicel.org/barbados/Child_Rights_-_ The_Unlinished_ Agenda.pdl, accessed 4 January 2014.

  • UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2000) ‘Domestic violence against women and girls’, http://www.unicelirc.org/publications/pdl/digest6e.pdl, accessed 7 December 2013.

  • United Nations (1989) ‘Convention on the rights olthe child’, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Prolessionallnterest/crc.pdl, accessed 20 December 2013.

  • United Nations (1995) ‘Report ol The Fourth World Conference on Women’, http://www.un.Org/esa/gopher-data/conl/lwcw/oll/a — 20.en, accessed 30 November 2013.

  • United Nations (2004) ‘Understanding poverty Irom a gender perspective’, http://www.eclac.Org/publicaciones/xml/0/21550/lcl2063i.pdl, accessed 7 January 2014.

  • United Nations (2010) ‘The world’s women 2010: trends and statistics’, https:// unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/WW_lull%20 report_BB.pdl, accessed 10 January 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2011) ‘Violence against women’, http://www.un.org/en/women/ endviolence/pdl/pressmaterials/unite_the_situation_En.pdl, accessed 12 January 2014.

  • United Nations (2013a) ‘The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013’, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdl/report-2013/mdg-report-2013-eng-lish.pdl, accessed 5 January 2014.

  • United Nations (2013b) ‘We can end poverty: millennium development goals and beyond 2015’, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdl/Goal_3_ls.pdl, accessed 3 January 2014.

  • United Nations Development Programme (2012) ‘Achieve universal primary education’, http://www.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/mdgoverview/over-view/mdg2/, accessed 5 January 2014.

  • United Nations Environment Programme (2011) ‘Women most at risk irom climate disasters’, http://www.unep.org/newscentre/delault. aspx?DocumentID=2661& ArticleID=8975, accessed 1 February 2014.

  • United Nations Office ol the High Commissioner lor Human Rights (1979) ‘Convention on the Elimination ol All Forms ol Discrimination against Women’, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProlessionalInterest/cedaw.pdl, accessed 20 December 2013.

  • United Nations Population Fund (2013) ‘Motherhood in childhood: lacing the challenge ol adolescent pregnancy’, https://www.unlpa.org/webdav/site/ glo-bal/shared/swp2013/EN-SWOP2013-final.pdf, accessed 1 February 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Population Fund and Pan American Health Organization (n.d). Post 2015 Development agenda: Gender equality in the luture we want-Health and Gender, http://www.americalatinagenera.org/es/documentos/post2015_ iichas/Health.pdl, accessed 27 April 2014.

  • White, J. W. and Kowalski, R. M. (1994). ‘Deconstructing the myth ol the non-aggressive woman: a feminist analysis’, Psychology of women quarterly, 18(4),487–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2006) ‘Pregnant adolescents: delivering on global promises ol hope’, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241593784_ Eng.pdl, accessed 1 December 2013.

  • World Health Organization (2008) ‘Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO’, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2008/9789241596442_Eng.pdl, accessed 16 December 2013.

  • World Health Organization (2008) ‘Eliminating female genital mutilation: an interagency statement UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO’, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2008/documents/post2015_lichas/Health.pdl, accessed 12 January 2014.

  • World Health Organization (2009) Adolescent pregnancy: a culturally complex issue’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 87(6),405–484, http://www.who.int/bulletin, accessed 12 January 2014.

  • World Health Organization/London School ol Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (2010) Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2014 Adele D. Jones, Ena Trotman Jemmott, Priya E. Maharaj and Hazel Da Breo

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jones, A.D., Jemmott, E.T., Maharaj, P.E., Breo, H.D. (2014). Women’s Spaces, Voices and Action. In: An Integrated Systems Model for Preventing Child Sexual Abuse. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137377661_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics