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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2019
“Data protection” law refers to the legal scheme governing the collection, holding, processing, disclosure, and transfer of individuals’ personal information online … and off. Data protection is a fast-changing and increasingly important supranational, international (including transnational), and national topic that touches on a numerous core political concerns, including the freedom of expression, public safety, and international trade. One recent study found that “data privacy laws are spreading globally, and their number and geographical diversity accelerating since 2000.”
1 See generally Protection of personal data, European Commission Directorate for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/ (visited Apr. 20, 2013); History of data protection by the Council of Europe, Council of Europe, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotect-ion/History_more_en.asp (visited Apr. 20, 2013).Google Scholar
2 For an overview of the difference between these terms, see Marci Hoffman & Mary Rumsey, International and Foreign Legal Research, 3-9 (2012).Google Scholar
3 See Tan, Domingo R., Personal Privacy in the Information Age: Comparison of Internet Data Protection Regulations in the United States and European Union, 21 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 661 (1999), available at http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol21/iss4/5.Google Scholar
4 See Greenleaf, Graham, Global Data Privacy Laws: 89 Countries, and Accelerating, February 6, 2012; Privacy Laws & Business International Report, Issue 115 (Feb. 2012 special supplement); Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 98/2012, at 2, available at http://ssm.com/abstract=2000034.Google Scholar
5 See Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 8 (Nov. 4, 1950) (commonly known as the “European Convention on Human Rights”); EU Treaty of Lisbon, Charter of Fundamental Rights, arts. 7-8 (Dec. 13, 2007). See also Juliane Kokott & Christoph Sobotta, The distinction between privacy and data protection in the jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECtHR, 3 Int'l Data Privacy L. 222 (2013). American researchers should recall that, in Europe, fundamental rights exist against the government and against private actors.Google Scholar
6 O'Brien, Kevin J., Firms Brace for New European Data Privacy Law, New York Times, May 13, 2013, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/technology/firms-brace-for-new-european-data-privacy-law.html?_r=0.Google Scholar
7 See Jacqueline Klosek, Data Privacy in the Information Age, 3 (2000).Google Scholar
8 For example, the European Union provides an introduction at http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm. Additionally, NYU provides a guide at http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/European_Unionl.htm. For American researchers especially, the Delegation of the European Union to the United States provides a guide to the European Union at http://www.euintheus.org/resources-learning/eu-guide-for-americans/. See also Hoffman & Rumsey, supra note 2, at 195-205.Google Scholar
9 For example, one may consult N-Lex at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/n-lex/index_en.htm for information on relevant European national laws. For a more global reach, one might consult McAfee's site at http://www.mcafee.com/us/regu-lations/international.aspx or Morrison & Foerster's Privacy Library at http://tinyurl.com/lh8uejj. For an annual fee of $7,000, one can also access global data protection laws and related notes provided by DataGuidance at http://www.dataguidance.com/.Google Scholar
10 Kiljunen, Kimmo The European Constitution in the Making, Centre for European Policy Studies, 22 (2004), available at http://aei.pitt.edu/32581/1/20._EU_Constitution.pdf.Google Scholar
11 While Westlaw and LexisNexis provide excellent information, particularly with regard to the European Union, this research guide aims for a larger audience than law students and others with access to these databases. Still, Westlaw will be used with regard to the use of the Legal Journals Index because this is an invaluable index in this field.Google Scholar
12 A listing of several sources and explanations of EU law and institutions in general can be found in online European Union research guides. See, e.g., http://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/dynamic/guide.php?id=52; http://www.asil.org-/erg/?-page-eu; http://library.law.columbia.edu/guides/European_Union_Legal_Materials; http://www.law.nyu.edu/library/research/researchguides/europeanunionresearch/index.htm; https://www.usfca.edu/law/library/research/foreign/european/; http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/eu.shtml; http://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/EuropeanUnion.cfm; or http://law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/-europe/.Google Scholar
13 Available at http://www.worldcat.org/; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat for more information.Google Scholar
14 Available at https://www.worldcat.org/webservices/root/search/lists.Google Scholar
16 Carey, Peter, Data Protection: A Practical Guide to UK and EU Law (2009).Google Scholar
17 Available at http://home.heinonline.org/.Google Scholar
18 For information on the Directorate General for Justice, see http://ec.europa.eu/justice/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
20 Bauchner, Joshua S. & Ramani, Rekha, International Regulatory Devices: Legal Research Guides to the EU Data Protection Directive and the Convention on Biological Diversity, 25 (2001).Google Scholar
21 Available at http://europa.eu/.Google Scholar
22 Available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/index_en.htm#.Google Scholar
25 Available at http://www.ssrn.com/.Google Scholar
28 Available at http://www.datonomy.eu/.Google Scholar
30 Available at http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/rech_simple.cfm?CL=en.Google Scholar
36 Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.Google Scholar
41 See Colin Bennett, Regulating Privacy: Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States (1992).Google Scholar
45 Available at http://www.youtube.com/.Google Scholar
46 Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRDcuQPfX6k.Google Scholar
47 See generally Gloria Gonzalez Fuster & Raphael Gellert, The Fundamental Right of Data Protection in the European Union: In Search of an Uncharted Right, 26 Int'l Rev. L. Computers & Tech. 73 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48 See Bennett, supra note 41.Google Scholar
49 See EU Directorate General for Justice's website for a listing of peripheral sources of EU data protection law. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/law/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
50 Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
52 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/consleg/latest/index.htm.Google Scholar
53 Note that an updated version of EurLex is being beta tested as of 2013. This guide will not address this revised version.Google Scholar
54 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/tools/about.htm.Google Scholar
55 As described by EurLex, “[t]he advanced search service provides an interface designed to enable professionals to fully exploit the database's rich legal data through flexible search and display modules, a wide range of Boolean operators and full access to EUR-Lex indexed headings,” available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/expert/sg/sga_cnct/celexexp!dev?LANG=EN&BASE=bas-cen.Google Scholar
57 Available at http://tinyurl.com/mjbdcul.Google Scholar
58 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/consleg/latest/index.htm.Google Scholar
59 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en.Google Scholar
60 European Union Law Reporter (1962-).Google Scholar
61 Available at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS?lang=en.Google Scholar
66 Available at http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/Pages/search.aspx#{“document-collectionid”:[“COMMITTEE”, “DECISIONS”, “COMMUNICATEDCASES”, “CLIN”, “ADVISORYOPINIONS”, “REPORTS”, “RESOLUTIONS”]}.Google Scholar
68 Available at http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/j_6/.Google Scholar
70 See, e.g., De Hert, Paul and Gutwirth, Serge, Data protection in the case law of Strasbourg and Luxemburg: constitutionalisation in action, in Reinventing Data Protection?, 3 (Gutwirth, S., et al eds., 2009), available at http://works.bepress.com/serge_gutwirth/10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECHJurisprudence.do.Google Scholar
72 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JURISIndex.do?ihmlang=en.Google Scholar
76 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_celex.do?ihmlang=en.Google Scholar
77 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/tools/TableSectors.htm.Google Scholar
79 Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/n-lex/index_en.htm.Google Scholar
82 Available at http://eurovoc.europa.eu/drupal/.Google Scholar
91 Available at http://www.dataguidance.com.Google Scholar
92 Available at http://www.dataguidance.com/request_demo.asp.Google Scholar
93 Features available at http://www.dataguidance.com/features.asp.Google Scholar
94 Available at http://referenceworks.brillonline.conVbrowse/foreign-law-guide#SubjLetC (only available to those with paid access to the service).Google Scholar
98 Critchell-Ward, A. & Landsborough-McDonald, K., Data protection law in the European Union and the United Kingdom, in Comparative Law Yearbook of International Business, 29 (2007).Google Scholar
108 Available at http://www.ssrn.com/lsn/.Google Scholar
109 Available at http://www.ezilon.com/index.shtml.Google Scholar
111 This research guide assumes familiarity with LexisNexis. For a more detailed tutorial on using LexisNexis generally, including a review of selecting sources and databases and the many search options, see http://www.lexisnexis.com/tutorial/global/globaltutorial_frameset.asp?sPage=overview&adaptation=academic&lbu=US&locale=en_us.Google Scholar
112 If logged into LexisNexis, then the database is available for searching at the following website: http://www.lexis.com/research/form/search?_m=d0cd9e13ee109alf628f65eb8b9930b7&_src=10952&wchp=dGLzVzkzSkAW&_md5=7c927cc0f5babd2c01909d2631b00231.Google Scholar
113 See the following webpage for more detailed information on the database: http://w3.lexisxonVresearch2/source/srcinfo.do?_m=883f7e24a34el4984c00606e765608c3&src=10952&wchp=dGLzVzk-zSkAW&_md5=35e2f474b4550b2362928b0b5c42c29c.Google Scholar
115 Additional information, if logged in to LexisNexis, available at http://w3.lexis.com/research2/source/srcinfo.do?_m=09dfa881694969956a1eb10ddd117bae&src=164604&wchp=dGLzVzk-zSkAW&_md5=e68900c0c428194e180e3826869307d3.Google Scholar
116 Additional general information on searching in Westlaw is available in the discussion of Indexes, supra Section IV.A.1. More information on using Westlaw available at http://lawschool.westlaw.com/shared/marketinfodisplay.asp?code=re&id=2&subpage=1.Google Scholar
117 For those logged into Westlaw, the database is available for searching at http://web2.westlaw.com/search/default.wl?db=EU-ALL&RS=W&VR=2.0&ssl=n.Google Scholar
120 Available at http://www.mpepil.com/.Google Scholar
121 Available at https://ams.oup.com/user/trial.pfm.Google Scholar
124 Privireal, Data Protection—Bibliography (2005), available at http://www.privireal.org/content/dp/bibliography.php.Google Scholar
125 EU, “The European Union and Data Protection” Bibliography (last updated 2009), available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/20000222/libe/ibliography_en.htm.Google Scholar
126 Available at http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/.Google Scholar
127 Additional information available at http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/obo/page/updating.Google Scholar
128 Available at http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/obo/page/freetrials.Google Scholar
129 Available at http://www.amazon.com/; http://www.vitalsource.com/.Google Scholar
133 Available at http://www.worldcat.org/.Google Scholar
134 Available at http://lawcat.berkeley.edu/.Google Scholar
135 Available at http://books.google.com/.Google Scholar
136 Available at http://www.google.com/advanced_book_search.Google Scholar
139 Available at http://home.heinonline.org/.Google Scholar
140 Available at http://www.jstor.org/.Google Scholar
141 Available at http://www.jstor.org/action/showAdvancedSearch.Google Scholar
142 Available at http://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals.Google Scholar
143 Available at http://www.jstor.org/betasearch.Google Scholar
144 Available at http://scholar.google.com/.Google Scholar
145 Available at http://www.google.com/intl/en/scholar/help.html.Google Scholar
146 Available at http://www.mofo.com/privacy~data-security-services/.Google Scholar
147 Available at http://www.mofo.com/privacylibrary/.Google Scholar
148 Available at http://www.datonomy.eu/.Google Scholar
149 Available at http://www.huntonprivacyblog.com/.Google Scholar
150 Available at http://www.hldataprotection.com/.Google Scholar
151 Available at https://privacylaw.proskauer.com/.Google Scholar
152 Available at http://oxpils.blogspot.com/.Google Scholar
153 Available at http://datonomy.blogspot.com/.Google Scholar
154 Available at http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/?tag=data-protection.Google Scholar
155 Available at http://blawgsearch.justia.com/.Google Scholar
160 Available at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS?lang=en.Google Scholar
161 Available at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/site/mySite/Duties.Google Scholar
162 Available at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/EDPS/Publications.Google Scholar
169 Available at https://www.law.berkeley.edu/bclt.htm.Google Scholar
170 Available at http://www.csls.ox.ac.uk/dataprotection/.Google Scholar
171 Available at http://yaleisp.org/.Google Scholar
172 Available at http://www.law.nyu.edu/centers/ili/index.htm.Google Scholar
173 Available at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/research/foi.Google Scholar
174 Available at www.privacypeople.org/.Google Scholar
175 Available at https://www.privacyinternational.org/.Google Scholar
177 Available at https://cdp.custodix.com/index.php/about-cdp.Google Scholar
178 Available at https://www.privacyinternational.org/.Google Scholar
183 Available at http://www.hunton.com/rosemaryJay/.Google Scholar
184 Available at http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/profile/david.erdos.Google Scholar
185 Available at http://paulschwartz.net/.Google Scholar
186 Available at http://www.law.qmul.ac.uk/staff/millard.html.Google Scholar
188 Available at http://archive.org/web/web.php.Google Scholar
