Introduction
The worldwide prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) is very high and is expected to increase substantially over the next 25 years. Ayta et al1 have applied the results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS)2 to world population data and estimated that the worldwide prevalence of ED in 1995 exceeded 152 million men, and that this number should reach 322 million by 2025.1 Perceptions about male sexual function and the effects of ED on quality of life may differ significantly from one culture to another.3 Most of our current information regarding the prevalence/consequences of ED and efficacy of different therapies has been derived from epidemiologic studies and clinical trials carried out in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. It is clear that ED is a worldwide problem and that its prevalence and impact, and the efficacy of different therapies, should be studied across a wide range of patients from all countries. It is particularly important that ED and its treatment be studied in cultures different from those of the industrialized nations in which nearly all large-scale and well-controlled studies have been carried out to date. The purpose of this supplement is to extend the study of ED and therapies for this condition to countries where they have received relatively little attention.
The first two studies in the supplement are concerned with the epidemiology of ED in non-Western countries. In a population-based study, Berrada et al4 evaluated the incidence and correlates of ED in 655 randomly selected men over 25 y of age residing in Casablanca, Morocco. Study results indicated that the incidence of, risk factors for, and comorbidities of ED in this cohort were very similar to those reported for Western societies.2,5,6 The overall prevalence of ED among those men evaluated was 54% and its incidence increased markedly with age. Risk factors for ED in this group included diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and smoking behavior.
Shaeer and colleagues7 also evaluated the incidence of ED among men attending primary health care clinics in countries with cultures very different from those in the industrialized West: Pakistan, Egypt, and Nigeria. The results of this epidemiologic analysis, like that of Berrada et al,4 indicated that the prevalence of ED and other diseases associated with this condition in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia is similar to that in the United States and Western Europe. Surveys of men between 35 and 70 y of age seeking primary medical care indicated that the age-adjusted prevalences of ED were 57.4% in Nigeria, 63.6% in Egypt, and 80.8% in Pakistan. As in other studies,2,5 older age, diabetes, prostate conditions, and depression were all associated with increased risk for ED.
The other studies in this supplement all evaluated the efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra®) for the treatment of ED in non-Western men. It is of interest to note that the results of all of these trials demonstrated efficacy for sildenafil similar to that which has been reported in large studies carried out in the United States and Western Europe.8,9
Osegbe et al10 evaluated the effectiveness of oral therapy with sildenafil in 58 Nigerian men with ED, some of whom also had diabetes and/or hypertension, and reported significant improvements in erectile function and overall satisfaction similar to those observed in Western trials. Sildenafil was also well tolerated by the patients in this study. Benchekroun et al11 reported similar beneficial effects of sildenafil in a study that included 71 Moroccan men with ED. In this 12-week flexible-dose study, sildenafil treatment significantly improved both erectile function and quality of life. Sildenafil was also well tolerated, with few treatment-emergent adverse events. Moreover, in a final 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, flexible-dose study that included 254 men with ED from either Egypt or South Africa, Levinson et al12 showed that sildenafil significantly improved erections versus placebo and that it was also well tolerated.
The information contained in this supplement supports the view that ED is a worldwide problem with a prevalence in developing countries similar to, if not higher than, that reported for men in industrialized societies. These findings are consistent with other epidemiologic studies carried out in Asia and Latin America.13,14 Clinical trial results showed further that oral therapy with sildenafil, now established as the treatment of choice for ED, is also highly effective in individuals from developing countries with cultural, racial, and religious characteristics differing markedly from those of the United States and European countries in which the pivotal trials that initially established the effectiveness and safety of sildenafil were carried out.
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Khalaf, I., Levinson, I. Erectile dysfunction in the Africa/Middle East Region: epidemiology and experience with sildenafil citrate (Viagra®). Int J Impot Res 15 (Suppl 1), S1–S2 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900967
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3900967
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