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Examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Countries with Different Income Levels: Findings from the STIRPAT Model

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 26, 16 - 34, 25.05.2022

Murat Tekbaş

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474

Öz

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis within the scope of the STIRPAT environmental model for countries with different income levels.
Design/Methodology: In the study, the relationship between carbon emissions (CO2), real GDP, urbanization and energy intensity was examined by panel analysis methods for 27 high, 24 upper-middle and 21 low middle-income countries between 1990 and 2014. FMOLS and DOLS methods and Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel causality method were used in the analyzes made in the study.
Findings: According to the results of FMOLS and DOLS methods, it is seen that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in high and high middle-income countries, but not in low middle-income countries. In the other results obtained, it has been determined that urbanization is an important factor in environmental pollution. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, it is seen that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from carbon emissions to economic growth in high-income countries and bidirectional causality in high-middle and low-middle income countries.
Limitations: n the study, within the scope of the classification made by the United Nations, a total of 72 countries (27 high-income, 24 upper-middle and 21 low-middle income countries are included in Annex 1).
Originality/Value: The study differs from other studies in terms of evaluating the countries in different income groups together and evaluating the impact of the difference in income level on the environment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

STIRPAT Model Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis Panel Data Analysis

Kaynakça

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Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 26, 16 - 34, 25.05.2022

Murat Tekbaş

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada farklı gelir düzeylerine sahip ülkeler için STIRPAT çevre modeli kapsamında Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin test edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Çalışmada, karbon emisyonu (CO2), reel GSYİH, kentleşme ve enerji yoğunluğu arasındaki ilişki 1990-2014 yılları arasındaki dönemde 27 yüksek, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli ülke için panel analiz yöntemleriyle incelemiştir. Çalışmada yapılan analizlerde FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri ile Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel nedensellik yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri sonuçlarına göre yüksek ve yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğu, düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise geçerli olmadığı görülmektedir. Elde edilen diğer sonuçlarda çevre kirliliği üzerinde kentleşmenin önemli bir etken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ise yüksek gelirli ülkelerde karbon salınımından ekonomik büyüme doğru tek yönlü, yüksek orta ve düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir.
Sınırlılıklar: Çalışmada, Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yapılan sınıflandırma kapsamında 27 yüksek gelirli, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli olmak üzere toplam 72 ülke de (ülke listesi EK 1’de yer almaktadır).
Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma farklı gelir gruplarında bulunan ülkelerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi ve gelir düzeyindeki farklılığın çevre üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi açısından diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

STIRPAT Model Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

  • Acaravci, A., & Erdogan, S. (2016). The convergence behavior of CO2 emissions in seven regions under multiple structural breaks. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(3), 575-580. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/361656
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  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., Adedoyin, F. F., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). To what extent are pollutant emission intensified by international tourist arrivals? Starling evidence from G7 Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01765-7
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  • Hayden, A., & Shandra, J. M. (2009). Hours of work and the ecological footprint of nations: An exploratory analysis. Local Environment, 14(6), 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830902904185
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
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  • Javid, M., & Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 406-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.019
  • Jia, J., Deng, H., Duan, J., & Zhao, J. (2009). Analysis of the major drivers of the ecological footprint using the STIRPAT model and the PLS method-A case study in Henan Province, China. Ecological Economics, 68(11), 2818-2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.012
  • Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory-part A: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.131
  • Katircioğlu, S. T., & Taşpinar, N. (2017). Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 572-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., Çifçi, İ., & Özbek, R. İ. (2015). İhracata dayalı büyüme hipotezi: Türkiye uygulaması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 691-720. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/382373
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31(5), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0101-5
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999) A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro iktisat politikalarının tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir karşılaştırma (Yayın No. 263217) [Doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). The impact of population density, energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness on CO2 emissions in India. Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1898-0
  • Okumuş, I., Guzel, A. E., & Destek, M. A. (2021). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in G7: Fresh evidence from CS-ARDL. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56595-56605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14618-7
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. No. 992927783402676. International Labour Organization.
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and environment. CID Working Paper Series.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
  • Pata, U. K. (2019). Environmental Kuznets Curve and trade openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL approach with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264-20276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z
  • Pata, U. K., & Caglar, A. E. (2021). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: Evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 216, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, & R. Carter Hill (Eds.), Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. (Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 93-130). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
  • Polloni-Silva, E., Silveira, N., Ferraz, D., de Mello, D. S., & Moralles, H. F. (2021). The drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions in Brazil: A regional application of the STIRPAT model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(37), 51745-51762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14097-w
  • Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental degradation: The role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. Journal of environmental management, 253, 109742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109742
  • Rasool, H., Maqbool, S., & Tarique, M. (2021). The relationship between tourism and economic growth among BRICS countries: A panel cointegration analysis. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00048-3
  • Salahuddin, M., Gow, J., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.005
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118
  • Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Energy policy, 66, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.022
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  • Topdağ, D., Acar, T., & Çelik, İ. E. (2020). Estimation of the global-scale ecological footprint within the framework of STIRPAT models: The quantile regression approach. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 70(2), 339-358. https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/406CB06B65A34C5594C86EC1E63AC2FF
  • United Nations Situation and Prospects. (2020). World economic situation and prospect. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_Annex.pdf
  • Wang, Q., Wang, X., & Li, R. (2022). Does urbanization redefine the Environmental Kuznets Curve? An empirical analysis of 134 Countries. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103382
  • World Bank. (2021) Dünya kalkınma göstergeleri. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators
  • Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Feng, K. (2021). The drivers of declining CO2 emissions trends in developed nations using an extended STIRPAT model: A historical and prospective analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111328
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990
  • Zhang, C., & Lin, Y. (2012). Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Energy policy, 49, 488-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.048
  • Zhao, L., Zhao, T., & Yuan, R. (2022). Scenario simulations for the peak of provincial household CO2 emissions in China based on the STIRPAT model. Science of The Total Environment, 809, 151098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151098
  • Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Murat Tekbaş 0000-0003-2589-2482

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekbaş, M. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14(26), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474
AMA Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). Mayıs 2022;14(26):16-34. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474
Chicago Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14, sy. 26 (Mayıs 2022): 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
EndNote Tekbaş M (01 Mayıs 2022) Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14 26 16–34.
IEEE M. Tekbaş, “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 14, sy. 26, ss. 16–34, 2022, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
ISNAD Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14/26 (Mayıs 2022), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
JAMA Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2022;14:16–34.
MLA Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 14, sy. 26, 2022, ss. 16-34, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
Vancouver Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2022;14(26):16-34.
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