Name: List of Top Universities of Japan sorted by peer-reviewed citations
Creator: exaly.com
Published: 2026-09-07T04:13:49Z
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

92.7K(top 5%)

PR articles

810.3K(top 20%)

PR citations

160(top 50%)

PR h-index

181(top 50%)

h-index

102.0K

documents

971.8K

doc citations

Top Universities (by peer-reviewed citations)

#	University	Articles	Citations	A pos	C pos
1	University of Tokyo	3,801	58.2K	15	39
2	Kyoto University	3,190	50.3K	10	43
3	Hokkaido University	2,658	38.7K	4	16
4	Osaka University	2,298	37.5K	14	44
5	Tohoku University	2,086	31.2K	11	35
6	Kyushu University	1,721	27.7K	6	30
7	Nagoya University	1,529	23.2K	13	44
8	University of Tsukuba	1,557	21.0K	6	24
9	Tokyo Institute of Technology	1,348	17.9K	15	39
10	Hiroshima University	1,087	16.5K	6	25
11	Kobe University	870	15.2K	6	20
12	University of Science and Technology Beijing	422	10.2K	19	35
13	Mie University	577	10.0K	3	11
14	Okayama University	574	10.0K	14	32
15	Waseda University	925	9.2K	5	30
16	Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology	654	8.9K	8	23
17	Gifu University	452	8.7K	6	15
18	National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention	707	8.7K	5	19
19	University of the Ryukyus	558	8.3K	1	6
20	Tokyo University of Science	625	8.2K	23	67
21	Kagoshima University	627	7.7K	2	15
22	Shinshu University	590	7.1K	6	30
23	Chiba University	652	7.1K	12	49
24	Osaka City University	406	6.3K	8	29
25	Niigata University	523	6.3K	7	31
26	Keio University	873	6.2K	11	73
27	Nagasaki University	482	6.1K	7	24
28	Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology	514	5.9K	1	2
29	Kumamoto University	372	5.8K	13	52
30	Tokyo Metropolitan University	431	5.6K	7	31
31	Nihon University	580	5.6K	4	30
32	University of Miyazaki	304	5.3K	3	15
33	Kagawa University	239	5.2K	6	14
34	Pohang University of Science and Technology	240	5.1K	35	76
35	Kanazawa University	472	5.0K	12	48
36	Shizuoka University	430	5.0K	6	24
37	Shimane University	281	5.0K	3	10
38	Kindai University	423	4.9K	7	35
39	Osaka Prefecture University	324	4.9K	11	26
40	Korea University	178	4.8K	97	124
41	Ehime University	361	4.3K	8	43
42	University of Michigan	73	4.3K	686	592
43	Nara Institute of Science and Technology	273	4.3K	12	46
44	Yamaguchi University	424	4.2K	5	29
45	Tokyo University of Agriculture	317	4.0K	4	13
46	Yokohama National University	416	4.0K	6	26
47	École Centrale Paris	4	3.9K	131	10
48	University of New South Wales	139	3.8K	276	383
49	National Taiwan University	197	3.8K	123	230
50	Tottori University	401	3.7K	2	31
51	Ritsumeikan University	286	3.7K	6	17
52	Yamagata University	381	3.6K	8	31
53	Kōchi University	328	3.6K	2	15
54	Seoul National University	222	3.5K	154	321
55	University of Toyama	300	3.4K	16	51
56	Kitasato University	315	3.4K	12	34
57	Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology	138	3.3K	6	9
58	Hitotsubashi University	195	3.3K	4	7
59	Chongqing University	123	3.3K	130	151
60	Ibaraki University	328	3.3K	5	16
61	Chulalongkorn University	137	3.2K	44	65
62	University of Shizuoka	80	3.1K	30	28
63	National Museum of Nature and Science	353	3.1K	1	5
64	Harvard University	91	2.9K	651	780
65	McGill University	95	2.9K	398	478
66	Chubu University	97	2.9K	10	15
67	Yonsei University	123	2.9K	158	223
68	Peking University	87	2.8K	369	391
69	Iwate University	324	2.7K	3	25
70	University of Hyogo	242	2.7K	8	20
71	Utsunomiya University	222	2.6K	4	14
72	National University of Singapore	126	2.6K	274	477
73	Katholieke Universiteit Leuven	55	2.6K	548	512
74	University of Cambridge	54	2.6K	647	596
75	Tokai University	488	2.6K	18	84
76	Zhejiang University	107	2.5K	343	424
77	Kasetsart University	123	2.4K	22	36
78	KAIST	140	2.4K	104	201
79	Hanyang University	147	2.4K	82	152
80	Stanford University	66	2.4K	680	753
81	Mahidol University	107	2.4K	62	98
82	Central South University	91	2.4K	245	287
83	University of Tokushima	249	2.3K	19	83
84	University of Queensland	135	2.3K	309	564
85	Ghent University	69	2.2K	402	480
86	Doshisha University	181	2.2K	9	16
87	Delft University of Technology	66	2.2K	268	296
88	Carnegie Mellon University	56	2.2K	227	297
89	Saitama University	175	2.2K	10	32
90	Pukyong National University	83	2.1K	48	59
91	Forest Research Institute	90	2.1K	43	59
92	Ocean University of China	63	2.1K	139	126
93	Hirosaki University	252	2.0K	6	43
94	Saga University	184	2.0K	8	32
95	Chuo University	153	2.0K	3	11
96	Tabriz University of Medical Sciences	98	2.0K	78	133
97	University of Yamanashi	114	2.0K	18	32
98	Gunma University	193	1.9K	21	62
99	Imperial College London	46	1.9K	625	645
100	Universiti Malaya	105	1.8K	95	181
101	University of California, Berkeley	63	1.8K	573	749
101	Forest Research	92	1.8K	32	57
103	University of British Columbia	74	1.8K	543	732
104	National Cheng Kung University	92	1.8K	156	233
105	Toyohashi University of Technology	210	1.8K	9	30
106	Yale University	42	1.8K	644	639
107	Fukui Prefectural University	140	1.7K	2	14
108	Kansai University	234	1.7K	6	27
109	Tsinghua University	122	1.7K	279	475
110	University of Putra Malaysia	67	1.7K	87	126
111	Kochi University of Technology	34	1.7K	10	4
112	University of Washington	70	1.6K	574	774
112	Indian Institute of Technology Delhi	56	1.6K	132	131
114	Nagaoka University of Technology	237	1.6K	9	46
115	National Autonomous University of Mexico	96	1.6K	205	310
116	Wageningen University & Research	52	1.6K	287	393
117	Toho University	160	1.6K	19	57
118	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	92	1.6K	373	506
119	Monash University	109	1.6K	329	675
120	Okayama University of Science	157	1.6K	4	19
121	University of Oxford	78	1.6K	574	831
122	Jeonbuk National University	53	1.5K	97	104
123	Oita University	90	1.5K	12	27
124	Pusan National University	62	1.5K	137	167
125	University of Toronto	68	1.5K	728	956
126	BIOTEC	63	1.5K	35	55
127	University of São Paulo	73	1.4K	522	652
128	Japan Society for the Promotion of Science	130	1.4K	9	33
129	University of North Carolina at Charlotte	126	1.4K	52	204
130	Kyungpook National University	69	1.4K	113	176
131	Nanjing Agricultural University	42	1.4K	163	173
132	National Chung Hsing University	76	1.4K	64	128
133	New York University	84	1.4K	401	680
134	Beijing Forestry University	67	1.3K	68	110
135	Chiang Mai University	91	1.3K	33	83
136	Wuhan University of Science and Technology	64	1.3K	53	68
137	University of Science Malaysia	62	1.3K	106	155
138	Kangwon National University	62	1.3K	70	112
138	École Nationale Supérieure de Biologie Appliquée à la Nutrition et à l'Alimentation	37	1.3K	136	148
140	Chonnam National University	67	1.3K	105	162
141	National Tsing Hua University	38	1.3K	193	170
142	Tokyo University of Fisheries	74	1.3K	1	6
143	Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine	134	1.3K	6	26
144	University of Hong Kong	68	1.3K	263	461
145	RWTH Aachen University	43	1.3K	328	382
146	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	48	1.3K	518	709
147	University of Oulu	60	1.3K	165	291
147	Toyama Prefectural University	83	1.3K	10	19
149	Princeton University	28	1.3K	477	485
150	Akita Prefectural University	106	1.3K	4	20
151	Cornell University	31	1.2K	876	853
151	University of Wollongong	73	1.2K	157	320
153	Australian National University	83	1.2K	268	518
154	Shandong University	51	1.2K	369	381
155	Technical University of Munich	42	1.2K	474	540
156	Fudan University	41	1.2K	486	469
157	East China University of Science and Technology	70	1.2K	127	181
158	Konan University	66	1.2K	9	14
159	Tel Aviv University	19	1.2K	813	550
160	Akita University	178	1.2K	5	59
161	Tunghai University	59	1.2K	23	35
162	Gakushuin University	66	1.2K	11	26
162	Tsukuba Botanical Garden	33	1.2K	2	2
164	ETH Zürich	28	1.2K	706	700
165	Yokohama City University	94	1.2K	37	123
166	University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign	56	1.2K	547	757
167	Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies	8	1.1K	65	12
168	University of Melbourne	102	1.1K	415	819
169	Cairo University	86	1.1K	135	237
170	Dalian University of Technology	47	1.1K	253	276
171	University of Fukui	128	1.1K	20	50
172	Sichuan University	68	1.1K	346	475
173	Toyo University	97	1.1K	6	27
174	University of Electro-Communications	147	1.1K	16	58
175	Tokyo Gakugei University	118	1.1K	2	17
176	Sojo University	62	1.1K	12	17
177	University of Hawaii	46	1.1K	150	261
178	Hosei University	164	1.1K	3	27
179	University of Bologna	17	1.1K	822	591
180	University of Tehran	57	1.0K	245	339
181	Meiji University	177	1.0K	6	35
182	Norwegian University of Science and Technology	49	1.0K	295	494
183	University of Florida	39	1.0K	765	851
184	Kyoto Prefectural University	89	1.0K	8	37
185	Kwangwoon University	17	1.0K	89	61
186	Nankai University	20	1.0K	376	276
187	Nara Women's University	94	1.0K	9	30
188	Jiangnan University	49	1.0K	166	178
189	Graduate University for Advanced Studies	78	1.0K	28	58
190	Columbia University	36	1.0K	800	942
191	Universiti Malaysia Sabah	52	1.0K	7	36
192	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München	27	1.0K	583	585
192	Sophia University	109	1.0K	13	39
194	Isfahan University of Technology	38	1.0K	128	142
195	University of Minnesota	35	1.0K	927	994
196	Purdue University	26	1.0K	887	813
197	Fukuyama University	76	997	7	22
198	Shanghai Ocean University	56	991	47	71
199	National Fisheries Research and Development Institute	53	986	9	21
200	Harbin Institute of Technology	38	981	326	333
201	Fukuoka University	135	979	16	76
202	Kanagawa University	96	978	14	24
202	University of Nottingham	30	978	619	663
204	Ochanomizu University	107	975	14	36
205	China Agricultural University	33	968	250	275
206	Yuan Ze University	37	958	69	82
207	University of Copenhagen	47	957	555	739
208	Prince of Songkla University	52	950	47	77
209	Huazhong University of Science and Technology	38	947	480	507
210	Konkuk University	41	946	118	168
210	Texas A&M University	38	946	769	869
212	Ryukoku University	101	943	4	26
213	University of Ulsan	20	942	222	173
214	Meijo University	102	934	15	57
215	University of Tübingen	27	929	473	469
216	Colorado School of Mines	22	920	149	164
217	Dongguk University	29	900	121	130
218	Muroran Institute of Technology	82	887	10	20
219	Tongji University	33	885	439	447
220	University of Shiga Prefecture	83	883	4	11
221	Universitas Gadjah Mada	37	877	34	39
221	CSIRO Mineral Resources	21	877	15	19
223	Ewha Womans University	29	872	170	176
223	Southeast University	56	872	276	396
225	Estonian University of Life Sciences	8	870	111	58
226	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences	17	869	323	305
227	Azabu University	91	865	3	29
227	Tamagawa University	57	865	5	14
229	University of Wisconsin–Madison	33	858	922	1039
230	Tokyo Medical and Dental University	84	838	63	193
231	University of Alberta	46	837	638	851
231	University of California, San Diego	40	837	661	901
233	National Taiwan Ocean University	67	835	33	99
234	Kanagawa Institute of Technology	55	827	3	8
234	National Institute of Technology and Evaluation	57	827	3	20
236	Shanghai University	53	825	242	336
237	University of Texas at Austin	36	814	901	1053
237	Kitami Institute of Technology	53	814	12	20
239	Shibaura Institute of Technology	85	809	9	26
240	Tehran University of Medical Sciences	23	806	319	281
241	Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology	101	803	20	52
242	McMaster University	32	793	555	664
243	University of California, Davis	34	791	756	969
244	Pennsylvania State University	30	789	952	1042
245	National Polytechnic Institute	42	788	207	255
246	Chosun University	28	787	79	86
247	University of Utah	31	781	657	775
248	Åbo Akademi University	26	772	138	189
249	University of Lisbon	27	763	480	506
250	Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp	60	759	41	102
251	Jilin University	57	754	287	431
252	Chung-Ang University	27	751	218	214
253	University of Göttingen	12	750	693	519
254	University of Groningen	16	746	833	745
255	Nanjing University	24	745	525	497
255	Lanzhou University	34	745	298	340
255	Jiangsu University	35	745	232	269
258	Okayama Prefectural University	36	742	6	8
259	Inha University	38	739	132	187
260	Kyung Hee University	43	738	209	302
261	Arizona State University	26	737	726	784
262	Gyeongsang National University	39	735	98	158
263	University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa	60	729	148	399
264	University of Auckland	31	727	515	670
265	Sungkyunkwan University	56	725	227	377
266	Complutense University of Madrid	22	720	526	518
267	Kwansei Gakuin University	95	719	11	49
267	University of Campinas	37	719	395	478
269	Kogakuin University	95	717	7	26
269	Aichi University of Education	69	717	3	10
271	University of Newcastle	35	715	359	549
272	University of Sydney	60	714	553	966
273	Teikyo University	68	707	35	134
274	University of Sheffield	64	706	357	751
275	Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology	44	704	31	89
276	Yunnan University	40	702	145	191
277	Xiamen University	45	701	289	419
277	University of Nebraska–Lincoln	16	701	675	601
279	São Paulo State University	50	700	294	398
279	Ishikawa Prefectural University	67	700	4	30
281	Tokyo City University	48	698	8	13
282	Japan Women's University	55	694	9	31
283	ParisTech	21	691	410	443
284	Boston University	19	687	770	767
285	IPB University	48	680	14	46
286	Trinity College, Dublin	10	679	736	496
287	Chang Gung University	28	674	212	261
288	Ubon Ratchathani University	20	673	8	6
289	Khon Kaen University	43	670	54	117
290	École polytechnique	25	662	507	612
290	Sapporo Medical University	37	662	36	89
292	Chungnam National University	56	660	110	260
293	Northwestern University	21	652	845	892
294	National Central University	41	651	127	226
295	Sun Yat-sen University	33	644	595	671
295	University of Otago	21	644	493	539
297	Swinburne University of Technology	18	643	276	287
298	Chalmers University of Technology	17	639	418	415
298	University of Lille	19	639	532	497
300	University of Adelaide	49	635	364	707
300	Chinese University of Hong Kong	29	635	525	677
302	Freie Universität Berlin	20	632	521	521
303	University of Helsinki	27	626	689	830
304	Umeå University	13	623	605	504
305	University of Pisa	24	622	483	565
306	University of California, Los Angeles	27	619	945	1115
307	Fukushima University	96	615	1	12
308	Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology	12	614	103	70
309	Tarbiat Modares University	35	612	199	300
310	Chukyo University	72	610	1	10
311	University of Leeds	46	602	451	790
312	Nagoya City University	74	598	41	150
313	Rakuno Gakuen University	64	592	2	20
314	Kunming University of Science and Technology	40	591	140	181
315	United States Department of Transportation	29	587	42	61
316	Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences	23	585	118	184
317	United States Geological Survey	16	584	222	239
318	Hokkaido University of Education	73	581	1	10
319	Northeast Forestry University	27	579	125	151
320	Curtin University	30	578	376	565
321	Tokyo Women's Medical University	66	577	28	107
322	University of Delhi	24	576	297	315
323	Michigan State University	18	573	975	982
324	Northwest A&F University	33	572	209	286
325	University of Ljubljana	16	567	522	463
325	University of Chicago	26	567	663	828
327	St. Marianna University School of Medicine	50	564	21	63
328	University of Georgia	20	555	763	804
329	Bharathiar University	18	554	113	112
330	Tokyo Medical University	53	552	26	90
331	University of Birmingham	34	548	595	868
331	Chungbuk National University	24	548	166	203
331	South China University of Technology	32	548	317	402
334	University of Hamburg	16	547	584	560
334	Lund University	28	547	703	886
334	University of California, Santa Cruz	18	547	361	445
337	Ankara University	21	543	243	238
337	Beijing University of Chemical Technology	49	543	110	195
339	University of Würzburg	10	539	589	484
339	University of Kitakyushu	52	539	8	29
341	Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences	24	538	29	42
342	University of Louisiana at Lafayette	22	534	97	146
343	Kyoto Sangyo University	41	529	22	35
344	Qingdao University	6	527	553	292
344	University of Glasgow	14	527	875	775
344	Hong Kong Polytechnic University	16	527	603	592
347	Ca' Foscari University of Venice	33	524	60	120
348	Kookmin University	19	521	74	84
349	Wuhan University of Technology	13	519	306	238
350	University of Zurich	32	517	483	764
350	University of Lorraine	32	517	204	343
352	National Taipei University of Technology	33	514	92	149
353	Sapienza University of Rome	25	509	740	901
354	University of Connecticut	11	506	1034	873
354	Luleå University of Technology	29	506	120	229
356	Tokyo Denki University	78	505	10	23
357	Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy	5	502	5	3
358	Nord University	6	499	146	68
359	University of Southern California	29	498	719	1018
359	Osaka Metropolitan University	78	498	4	16
361	Ohio University	23	497	226	321
362	Rutgers University	34	493	714	1028
362	Jilin Agricultural University	29	493	69	102
364	Beijing Normal University	31	487	366	484
364	University of Science and Technology Liaoning	36	487	32	47
366	Stellenbosch University	24	486	344	430
366	Deakin University	27	486	405	592
366	Beijing University of Technology	25	486	239	265
366	Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences	4	486	36	14
370	Huazhong Agricultural University	24	485	226	315
370	Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee	21	485	251	282
372	Duke University	11	483	1237	1106
373	Cardiff University	21	480	611	734
373	Wuhan University	30	480	482	628
373	Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency	43	480	34	67
376	North Carolina State University	26	479	612	837
377	University of Pittsburgh	12	478	1114	1039
378	Nara University of Education	39	477	3	12
379	National Sun Yat-sen University	27	472	184	239
379	University of Genoa	17	472	463	511
381	Oregon State University	24	470	528	706
381	Juntendo University	68	470	49	181
383	Nanyang Technological University	25	469	533	709
384	Jagiellonian University	25	467	345	431
384	Beijing Technology and Business University	12	467	160	128
386	Rikkyo University	63	464	12	43
387	University of Colorado Boulder	15	463	777	823
388	East China Normal University	17	462	429	423
389	University of Colorado	8	461	916	725
390	University of Vienna	24	460	609	762
390	Qingdao University of Science and Technology	4	460	317	152
390	National Technical University of Athens	23	460	207	294
393	University of Coimbra	26	459	310	487
393	University of Reading	11	459	637	553
395	Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru	25	454	342	407
396	Bangladesh Agricultural University	25	453	32	60
397	Yeungnam University	24	452	184	260
397	UCLouvain	12	452	713	710
397	Zhejiang University of Technology	23	452	252	299
397	Hong Kong University of Science and Technology	19	452	376	461
397	Anhui University of Technology	36	452	61	105
402	Istanbul University	17	449	290	297
402	Yanshan University	42	449	114	156
404	Michigan Technological University	13	446	270	263
405	Aoyama Gakuin University	55	444	17	43
406	University of Belgrade	19	442	451	464
407	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	19	438	344	379
408	University of Technology Sydney	23	437	405	564
408	Hachinohe Institute of Technology	25	437	5	9
410	City University of Hong Kong	38	436	323	544
411	Cha University	14	435	98	107
412	University of Gothenburg	19	434	710	822
413	Johns Hopkins University	16	432	1056	1118
414	Ohio State University	27	430	996	1269
414	Tokushima Bunri University	18	430	41	48
416	Dartmouth College	7	429	799	665
416	Hiroshima City University	35	429	7	13
416	University of Bayreuth	11	429	342	322
419	Open University of Japan	29	428	6	20
420	Technical University of Denmark	20	427	496	633
420	Kanazawa Institute of Technology	54	427	10	28
420	Kanto Gakuin University	38	427	5	14
423	University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee	20	425	380	531
424	Iowa State University	20	424	658	818
425	Technical University of Lisbon	9	423	545	450
425	Jadavpur University	28	423	184	258
427	Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań	19	420	245	251
427	National University of Malaysia	25	420	186	316
429	University College London	27	419	913	1208
429	University of Maryland	14	419	920	957
431	Autonomous University of Barcelona	15	416	687	744
431	National Park Service	4	416	182	101
431	Wakayama University	40	416	7	29
434	Stockholm University	14	414	691	756
435	University of Marburg	11	412	534	531
435	Georgia Tech	17	412	625	762
437	Massey University	11	411	534	480
438	University of Missouri	14	409	868	910
439	Université du Québec	16	406	656	729
440	Northern Arizona University	6	405	406	266
440	Missouri University of Science and Technology	17	405	201	246
442	Thammasat University	32	404	53	134
443	Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana	20	403	172	200
443	Helsinki University of Technology	12	403	224	235
443	Norwegian University of Life Sciences	12	403	224	249
443	Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University	12	403	9	7
447	Tianjin University	38	402	344	507
448	Polytechnic University of Milan	20	401	373	465
449	Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul	23	396	463	573
449	Meisei University	33	396	14	42
451	Banaras Hindu University	24	395	271	380
451	Laval University	22	395	622	812
453	University of Minho	18	394	301	444
454	Charles University	17	393	603	624
454	Vietnam National University	26	393	130	169
456	Shandong Agricultural University	20	392	128	167
457	Hacettepe University	22	391	304	397
458	University of Kansas	26	390	572	826
458	University of Bremen	14	390	393	429
458	Health Sciences University of Hokkaido	6	390	79	39
461	University of Évora	11	388	149	130
462	Vrije Universiteit Brussel	11	387	609	598
462	National Taiwan University of Science and Technology	39	387	129	235
464	Korea Maritime and Ocean University	19	385	38	46
465	Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University	41	384	3	12
466	Hokkaido Tokai University	18	383	3	18
467	University of Concepción	20	382	182	247
467	Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs	10	382	76	66
469	Autonomous University of Madrid	20	381	422	592
469	University of New Mexico	7	381	975	739
471	Erciyes University	11	380	246	201
472	Xi'an Jiaotong University	27	377	499	631
473	National Institute of Standards and Technology	6	376	461	377
473	Seikei University	61	376	7	25
473	Ben-Gurion University of the Negev	11	376	803	699
473	University of Patras	17	376	334	422
477	Tokyo University of the Arts	19	375	1	2
477	University of Liège	18	375	506	653
479	Heidelberg University	10	374	800	752
479	Clemson University	12	374	599	564
479	Prefectural University of Hiroshima	48	374	2	21
479	Can Tho University	24	374	18	36
483	University of Indonesia	22	373	84	125
483	University of Calgary	24	373	714	954
485	Gazi University	21	372	218	278
486	University of Amsterdam	12	369	1041	1072
486	University of Manitoba	26	369	494	782
488	University of the Philippines Los Baños	22	366	19	48
489	California Institute of Technology	16	365	469	608
489	Sharif University of Technology	19	365	251	296
489	Kyoto University of Advanced Science	27	365	3	10
492	Osaka Institute of Technology	41	363	18	49
493	Pierre and Marie Curie University	10	362	651	658
494	National University of Mar del Plata	21	361	71	119
495	TUD Dresden University of Technology	10	360	725	653
495	King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi	28	360	63	131
495	University of Toulouse	27	360	362	639
495	Tohoku Institute of Technology	15	360	12	11
495	Hedmark University College	5	360	39	28
500	Nanjing Forestry University	15	358	251	257
501	University of Innsbruck	7	357	618	513
501	University of Waterloo	8	357	993	831
503	Indian Institute of Technology Bombay	20	356	267	321
504	United Nations University	9	355	100	106
504	Guangdong University of Technology	7	355	388	253
504	King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang	17	355	54	70
507	National and Kapodistrian University of Athens	13	354	633	655
508	Hanbat National University	13	353	73	68
509	Sapporo Breweries	19	352	9	10
509	Tokyo Polytechnic University	39	352	3	10
511	Islamic Azad University	35	351	419	634
511	University of Agriculture Faisalabad	6	351	257	194
511	Zhejiang Normal University	2	351	585	240
514	University of Tuscia	7	349	239	221
515	Tianjin University of Science and Technology	27	348	86	143
516	Feng Chia University	21	346	119	168
516	Inner Mongolia University	12	346	169	158
516	Durban University of Technology	4	346	154	66
519	Dalhousie University	11	345	769	772
520	University of Cádiz	3	344	526	221
521	Macquarie University	17	343	585	742
521	Niigata Institute of Technology	33	343	1	2
521	Institut national d'études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier	7	343	190	160
524	Nanjing Normal University	20	342	274	352
525	Technical University of Leoben	13	341	90	101
525	National University of Córdoba	20	341	356	492
525	Setsunan University	36	341	20	47
528	Atatürk University	12	339	247	220
528	University of Palermo	12	339	510	556
530	Federal University of Minas Gerais	28	335	374	559
530	Three Australia	19	335	381	586
532	Sciences Po	10	333	309	353
532	University of Granada	16	333	546	680
532	Airlangga University	23	333	46	73
532	Fisheries Agency	24	333	2	8
536	Catholic University of Korea	10	332	298	253
536	Anna University	12	332	334	318
538	Utrecht University	15	331	969	1137
538	University of Pretoria	26	331	330	526
538	Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam	17	331	781	997
541	International Christian University	39	330	3	29
542	Ferdowsi University of Mashhad	15	329	262	286
543	Kyushu Sangyo University	30	328	6	13
544	Wonkwang University	15	327	93	111
544	Freiberg University of Mining and Technology	7	327	221	169
544	University of Warwick	11	327	809	816
544	China University of Mining and Technology	19	327	291	325
544	Indian Agricultural Research Institute	5	327	209	147
549	Uppsala University	17	326	866	1019
549	University of Turku	27	326	376	645
551	North China University of Science and Technology	16	325	83	106
552	Aalto University	17	324	294	434
553	Shiga University	51	323	2	23
553	Paris Nanterre University	5	323	102	39
555	Kanazawa Medical University	31	321	30	93
556	Dokkyo University	25	320	21	70
557	Federal University of Pernambuco	20	318	287	336
558	Makerere University	27	317	141	304
559	University of Paris	9	314	664	598
559	Anhui University	14	314	307	307
559	Islamic Azad University of Najafabad	2	314	191	58
562	University of Buenos Aires	16	313	499	560
563	Saitama Medical University	58	312	27	140
564	Senshu University	44	311	2	21
565	Kumoh National Institute of Technology	7	310	96	72
565	Addis Ababa University	12	310	243	271
567	Fukushima Medical University	54	309	25	122
568	University of Molise	5	308	256	188
569	University of Turin	18	307	616	821
570	Andalas University	17	306	6	16
570	University of Porto	29	306	432	763
570	University of the Punjab	18	306	162	222
573	Technical University of Valencia	10	305	452	472
574	Brigham Young University	7	304	720	598
574	Tohoku Gakuin University	28	304	10	29
574	Ege University	21	304	220	330
574	Marmara University	16	304	179	242
574	Yunnan Normal University	9	304	141	113
579	University of Manchester	22	303	926	1246
579	Fujita Health University	37	303	53	168
581	Carleton University	7	302	800	632
581	Coventry University	7	302	417	327
583	University of Tasmania	18	301	427	616
584	University of Edinburgh	15	300	1030	1164
584	Inje University	17	300	139	209
584	Aristotle University of Thessaloniki	24	300	423	717
584	University of Wyoming	11	300	486	498
588	Hebei University	45	298	80	212
588	Florida International University	6	298	846	638
590	University of Milan	25	297	736	1089
591	Madurai Kamaraj University	12	296	114	124
591	Teikyo University of Science	38	296	4	24
591	China University of Science and Technology	9	296	37	32
594	China Medical University	21	295	352	483
594	Tamkang University	30	295	85	188
596	University of Arkansas	4	294	968	584
596	King Saud University	23	294	473	700
598	Université libre de Bruxelles	10	293	673	677
598	Meiji Gakuin University	30	293	4	15
600	Florida Atlantic University	9	292	457	394
600	Nanzan University	29	292	2	8
600	University of Western Australia	23	292	644	1006
600	Guangxi University	11	292	367	323
600	De La Salle University	11	292	74	56
605	University of Southampton	15	291	848	1030
605	University of Tartu	14	291	361	503
607	Osaka Kyoiku University	30	289	10	39
607	Washington University in St. Louis	18	289	818	1033
609	Sichuan Agricultural University	13	288	217	250
610	Inner Mongolia Agricultural University	13	287	95	111
611	Dublin City University	3	286	617	324
612	University of Oslo	24	285	715	1064
612	Jinan University	14	285	462	503
614	University of Padua	13	284	906	1015
614	James Cook University	17	284	344	523
614	National Kaohsiung Marine University	14	284	34	80
617	Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur	12	283	306	308
618	Shivaji University	7	282	132	110
619	University of Stuttgart	7	281	549	510
619	Örebro University	3	281	547	317
621	Université de Montréal	19	280	892	1163
621	University of Lausanne	9	280	687	701
621	University of Western Brittany	8	280	165	178
621	Jiangxi University of Science and Technology	13	280	120	125
625	University of Murcia	7	279	514	437
625	Environmental Protection Ministry	18	279	112	188
627	Flinders University	10	278	606	625
627	King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals	16	278	240	290
627	Asia University	14	278	123	170
630	European University of Brittany	9	277	434	459
631	Federal University of Rio de Janeiro	21	274	515	727
631	Toyama National College of Technology	18	274	5	9
633	Kocaeli University	9	273	172	167
634	University of Karachi	6	272	219	125
635	University of Montpellier	16	271	530	693
635	Colorado State University	14	271	747	911
637	Prefectural University of Kumamoto	24	268	10	31
637	University of Madras	10	268	189	193
639	Asahi University	17	267	22	43
640	Nara Medical University	30	265	48	148
641	University of Geneva	11	264	752	849
641	Harbin Medical University	10	264	276	257
643	University of Bristol	14	263	872	1065
643	Beppu University	5	263	10	10
643	Kyoto University of Education	29	263	4	13
643	University of Trieste	8	263	517	483
647	Technische Universität Berlin	10	262	548	607
647	University of Naples Federico II	16	262	650	861
647	Mae Fah Luang University	17	262	27	39
647	Aichi Gakuin University	26	262	24	70
651	Mississippi State University	6	261	695	540
652	University of Nantes	10	260	454	491
652	Kyorin University	21	260	53	115
654	University of Oviedo	20	259	298	515
654	Hiroshima Prefectural University	21	259	4	15
656	University of Technology Malaysia	12	258	277	346
656	University of Alicante	11	258	292	338
658	Northeast Agricultural University	5	257	299	210
659	University of Guelph	20	256	475	762
659	University of Seville	12	256	558	644
659	SINTEF Materials and Chemistry	11	256	44	73
662	University of Freiburg	9	255	717	756
662	University of Canterbury	17	255	380	588
662	Southern Illinois University Carbondale	12	255	367	467
662	United Arab Emirates University	13	255	257	363
666	University of Algarve	5	254	342	272
667	Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg	25	253	250	516
667	Daegu University	18	253	55	107
667	Dong-A University	25	253	84	208
670	University of Silesia in Katowice	12	252	202	214
670	Idemitsu Kosan	30	252	9	22
670	Aix-Marseille University	20	252	559	787
670	Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences	14	252	22	39
674	University of Salento	3	251	471	281
675	K. N. Toosi University of Technology	12	250	191	210
676	United Nations	10	249	315	357
676	Kawasaki Medical School	25	249	42	121
678	Iran University of Science and Technology	19	248	203	288
679	University of Calcutta	15	247	292	364
679	Taiyuan University of Technology	10	247	248	233
681	Hamamatsu University School of Medicine	26	246	76	184
681	Hubei University of Technology	8	246	164	135
683	Fuzhou University	11	245	323	326
683	University of Suwon	7	245	67	54
683	Fukui University of Technology	14	245	19	34
686	TU Braunschweig	16	244	271	430
687	University of KwaZulu-Natal	8	243	546	499
687	Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing	3	243	198	138
689	London School of Economics and Political Science	12	242	447	537
689	Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University	8	242	94	130
691	Oklahoma State University	8	241	755	722
691	Middle East Technical University	9	241	443	442
691	Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology	14	241	146	173
694	University of Bonn	17	240	559	846
694	Queensland University of Technology	16	240	577	863
694	Xinjiang Agricultural University	6	240	98	61
694	University of California, Riverside	15	240	561	789
698	Bar-Ilan University	3	239	1033	607
698	Silesian University of Technology	3	239	379	212
698	State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry	8	239	134	164
701	Belgorod State University	6	238	39	22
702	Agricultural University of Kraków	6	237	117	93
702	Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University	6	237	143	84
704	Kaohsiung Medical University	15	236	242	326
704	Middle Tennessee State University	13	236	87	123
706	Qena University	3	234	277	146
707	Abant Izzet Baysal University	15	233	56	104
707	Guizhou University	16	233	239	298
707	University of Alabama	14	233	613	788
707	Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati	9	233	317	306
711	University of the Witwatersrand	17	232	501	691
711	Srinakharinwirot University	9	232	69	67
711	Shiraz University of Medical Sciences	10	232	296	285
714	University of South Australia	12	231	599	754
714	Jikei University School of Medicine	25	231	65	165
716	University of Victoria	19	230	453	757
717	University of Science and Technology of China	11	229	645	675
717	Victoria University of Wellington	21	229	295	590
717	Sōka University	37	229	7	60
717	Tanta University	5	229	390	305
717	Wuhan Polytechnic University	4	229	207	101
717	Chaoyang University of Technology	5	229	141	115
723	University of Konstanz	10	228	407	526
724	University of Aveiro	11	227	465	539
724	Kansas State University	7	227	753	684
724	University of Navarre	10	227	335	458
724	Paris-East University	7	227	195	201
728	University of Massachusetts Amherst	14	225	665	954
728	University College Dublin	12	225	711	881
728	Chung Yuan Christian University	30	225	77	212
731	University of New Brunswick	7	224	491	468
731	Guangzhou University	18	224	237	372
733	Linköping University	3	223	1089	775
734	Shih Chien University	3	221	80	41
734	Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo	8	221	134	119
734	Fooyin University	7	221	58	50
737	Virginia Tech	13	220	889	1088
737	International Islamic University Malaysia	13	220	83	149
737	University of Paris-Est	4	220	543	418
737	The Nippon Dental University	34	220	15	59
741	University of Bern	12	219	748	935
741	University of Trento	3	219	870	579
741	Nanjing Tech University	19	219	205	273
741	Sabah Forestry Department	5	219	18	25
745	Queen's University Belfast	4	218	1145	863
745	Utah State University	15	218	411	646
745	Shihezi University	8	218	218	214
745	South Central Minzu University	5	218	209	140
749	Hebrew University of Jerusalem	19	217	746	1102
749	University of Siena	11	217	438	571
749	Niihama National College of Technology	17	217	9	15
752	Vanderbilt University	12	216	918	1096
752	Queen Mary University of London	12	216	720	879
752	Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences	10	216	357	378
752	Simón Bolívar University	2	216	336	126
756	İnönü University	7	215	194	163
756	University of Exeter	8	215	931	959
756	Hainan University	14	215	253	293
759	Çukurova University	6	214	290	223
759	Neumann University	1	214	290	88
761	AGH University of Science and Technology	17	213	192	287
761	Sangmyung University	10	213	72	67
763	Polytechnic University of Turin	7	212	463	478
763	National Taiwan Normal University	17	212	184	332
763	University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice	11	212	185	227
763	Federal University of Viçosa	15	212	232	314
763	Théoriser et Modéliser pour Aménager	2	212	108	35
768	Kongju National University	22	211	84	166
768	Griffith University	29	211	421	962
768	Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University	7	211	278	251
771	Auburn University	15	210	576	759
771	Tokyo Keizai University	31	210	1	6
773	Murdoch University	33	209	157	509
773	Meio University	9	209	1	1
773	Shenyang Aerospace University	7	209	113	107
776	University of Antwerp	9	208	766	858
776	University of La Frontera	4	208	287	191
778	University of Giessen	7	207	654	666
778	University of Arizona	16	207	1024	1372
778	Air Force Medical University	6	207	370	319
781	Sogang University	16	206	137	235
781	International University of Japan	16	206	7	13
781	University of Illinois at Chicago	7	206	1129	1098
781	University of Westminster	2	206	669	283
781	Universidad Nacional del Comahue	22	206	62	151
781	National Pingtung University of Science and Technology	18	206	53	127
787	University of Huelva	5	205	247	217
787	Heilongjiang University	7	205	194	180
787	Western Sydney University	13	205	463	724
787	University of Insubria	9	205	274	365
787	Forest Department Sarawak	9	205	2	4
792	West Virginia University	12	204	628	770
792	South China Agricultural University	12	204	291	376
794	University of Lyon	16	203	487	753
794	Weber State University	3	203	149	58
796	Gangneung–Wonju National University	9	202	77	75
796	Tribhuvan University	18	202	88	194
796	University of Duisburg-Essen	11	202	518	675
799	Tokyo University of Technology	22	201	25	67
799	London Business School	3	201	112	89
799	Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya	13	201	2	13
799	Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra	1	201	416	129
803	University of the Aegean	6	200	198	204
803	Northwestern Polytechnical University	11	200	384	433
803	University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria	7	200	251	256
806	Newcastle University	20	199	629	1027
806	Zhejiang Ocean University	12	199	103	113
806	Hoshi University	14	199	57	92
809	Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina	11	197	483	542
809	University of the Philippines Diliman	12	197	103	169
809	National Dong Hwa University	16	197	99	194
812	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill	13	196	1056	1315
812	Dong-eui University	10	196	82	107
812	Dalian Polytechnic University	12	196	97	136
812	Qatar University	14	196	243	433
812	University of Peradeniya	16	196	82	182
812	Institut Jean Lamour	7	196	80	83
818	Kiel University	11	195	610	760
818	University of Verona	1	195	1067	530
818	Ain Shams University	7	195	513	452
818	Tohwa University	4	195	9	8
822	Qingdao University of Technology	14	194	121	172
822	Nanchang University	11	194	435	505
822	Southwest Forestry University	13	194	75	118
825	Saint Petersburg State University	16	193	318	448
825	Shaanxi Normal University	17	193	253	375
825	Qinghai University	12	193	101	141
825	Tokyo Dental College	10	193	36	59
829	Hebei University of Engineering	7	192	121	100
829	Sorbonne University	16	192	469	667
831	Istanbul Technical University	13	191	318	411
831	Gyeongguk National University	9	191	87	111
831	Chinese Culture University	10	191	84	122
831	Guilin University of Technology	7	191	207	181
831	Blaise Pascal University (Clermont II)	7	191	409	441
836	University Of Nizwa	2	189	171	83
837	Hunan University	12	188	436	522
837	Czech Technical University in Prague	7	188	294	270
837	Queen's University	12	188	877	1075
837	Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences	13	188	413	499
841	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	8	187	460	574
841	Hallym University	13	187	182	289
841	Japan International Cooperation Agency	23	187	2	12
841	Austral University of Chile	11	187	165	244
841	Polytechnic University of Catalonia	3	187	706	526
841	deemed university	7	187	539	446
841	Mukogawa Women's University	23	187	20	54
841	University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan	23	187	74	209
849	North China University of Technology	6	186	100	78
850	Erasmus University Rotterdam	2	185	1313	969
851	Louisiana State University	9	184	1053	1139
851	University of Strathclyde	8	184	772	814
851	University of Tabriz	7	184	420	405
851	UCSI University	9	184	68	92
851	Jiangsu University of Science and Technology	10	184	212	218
856	Al-Azhar University	7	183	355	332
857	Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń	11	182	228	291
857	University of Rajshahi	12	182	96	183
857	Northeast Normal University	13	182	230	351
857	National University of Tucumán	8	182	143	158
857	Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology	7	182	48	53
862	University of Oldenburg	8	181	368	429
862	Minami Kyushu University	12	181	7	19
862	Universidade Federal da Paraíba	7	181	358	298
862	Centre for Material Forming	5	181	36	36
866	Swiss German University	4	180	3	2
866	Technical University of Dortmund	12	180	321	461
866	Southwest University	16	180	383	564
866	Universidade Federal do Paraná	16	180	366	533
866	University of Hertfordshire	4	180	487	384
871	Aydın Adnan Menderes University	5	179	185	132
871	University of Mumbai	10	179	139	168
871	Burapha University	6	179	88	93
871	Memorial University of Newfoundland	12	179	492	664
875	Sejong University	10	178	305	407
875	Bharathidasan University	8	178	170	200
875	Colegio de Postgraduados	10	178	82	84
878	Dicle University	3	177	249	131
878	Dokuz Eylül University	10	177	289	370
880	Fukuoka Institute of Technology	27	176	19	48
880	Sebelas Maret University	6	176	60	44
880	Research Organization of Information and Systems	16	176	22	68
883	Suranaree University of Technology	11	175	89	150
883	Taylor's University	6	175	95	129
883	Aichi Medical University	20	175	62	168
883	Gifu Kyoritsu University	11	175	1	8
883	Osaka Sangyo University	17	175	14	34
883	Hungkuang University	6	175	76	72
889	University of Picardie Jules Verne	3	174	324	219
890	Kyonggi University	12	173	103	143
890	Jeju National University	17	173	110	231
890	Tokyo Woman's Christian University	15	173	4	14
890	Colgate University	6	173	149	185
890	Northwest University	15	173	316	446
890	Aichi Institute of Technology	46	173	12	65
890	Anhui Agricultural University	9	173	184	220
890	Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin	2	173	88	82
898	University of Oregon	14	172	501	777
898	University of the Basque Country	14	172	516	790
900	King's College London	18	171	769	1168
900	Toronto Metropolitan University	9	171	388	501
900	Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha	8	171	418	494
900	State University of New York	7	171	812	891
900	Kyungil University	4	171	52	37
900	Quadram Institute Bioscience	18	171	94	258
906	Tufts University	8	170	697	841
906	Sorbonne	4	170	900	705
908	Aichi University	17	169	2	13
908	University of Zagreb	10	169	588	695
908	Taipei Medical University	12	169	298	422
908	Jawaharlal Nehru University	17	169	202	405
908	South China Normal University	5	169	519	457
908	Manipal University	6	169	281	271
908	Nippon Institute of Technology	19	169	10	15
915	University of Gdańsk	11	168	310	381
915	Joetsu University of Education	30	168	4	36
917	Charles Sturt University	8	167	360	457
917	Portland State University	4	167	668	565
917	Sultan Qaboos University	5	167	465	419
917	Guangdong Ocean University	9	167	135	168
921	Weizmann Institute of Science	1	166	896	614
921	Lomonosov Moscow State University	16	166	395	548
921	Shiraz University	17	166	272	461
921	Kyushu Dental University	7	166	36	47
921	Zhejiang A & F University	10	166	168	239
921	National Yunlin University of Science and Technology	22	166	90	202
921	Southwest University of Science and Technology	6	166	270	232
928	Leiden University	18	165	760	1142
928	Technical University of Darmstadt	14	165	356	570
928	University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn	8	165	193	207
928	Korea Environment Institute	5	165	39	53
928	Centre des Matériaux	4	165	54	63
933	China University of Geosciences	17	163	329	447
933	Beihang University	12	163	407	497
933	University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro	5	163	270	266
936	Marie and Louis Pasteur University	8	162	421	551
936	Nakamura Gakuen University	7	162	18	25
936	Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur	6	162	194	181
939	Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine	12	161	170	264
939	University of Kentucky	15	161	863	1220
939	University of Portsmouth	15	161	273	558
939	Meiji Pharmaceutical University	14	161	41	80
943	University of Alcalá	8	160	416	501
944	Bielefeld University	11	159	420	623
944	Henan University	8	159	435	446
944	University of Gondar	7	159	133	155
944	China Jiliang University	7	159	237	235
948	Tsuru University	15	158	2	4
948	Gansu Agricultural University	7	158	140	146
948	Snow Leopard Trust	2	158	26	22
948	California State University, Long Beach	7	158	322	387
952	Washington State University	12	157	771	1060
952	Aalborg University	3	157	929	710
952	Xinjiang University	7	157	305	292
952	University of South Carolina	7	157	1005	1128
952	Ningxia University	10	157	167	190
952	Medical University of Ilam	3	157	116	70
952	Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts	12	157	5	10
959	Asahikawa Medical University	13	156	40	83
959	University of Essex	10	156	460	659
959	University of the Republic	8	156	637	718
959	University Malaysia Sarawak	10	156	76	134
959	Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution	4	156	104	117
964	University of Pavia	10	155	630	849
964	Vigo University	6	155	551	549
964	American University of Sharjah	9	155	135	203
964	Osaka Electro-Communication University	28	155	10	46
964	Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology	4	155	94	77
964	Moi University	4	155	143	128
970	University of South Florida	8	154	987	1100
970	University of Brighton	2	154	605	377
970	Showa Medical University	25	154	84	265
973	University of Delaware	14	153	654	1020
973	Hiroshima Institute of Technology	24	153	11	26
973	Showa Pharmaceutical University	9	153	46	64
976	University of Salamanca	11	152	700	887
976	Karnatak University	6	152	139	137
976	Boğaziçi University	7	152	318	347
976	RMIT University	12	152	559	869
976	Western University	10	152	952	1187
976	Sheffield Hallam University	6	152	417	431
976	Musashi University	29	152	1	11
976	Federal University of Rio Grande	13	152	262	410
984	Kazan Federal University	6	151	292	264
984	University of Isfahan	8	151	310	349
984	University of York	7	151	843	933
984	University of Messina	4	151	688	602
984	Peking Union Medical College	14	151	406	534
984	Ningbo University	12	151	387	486
984	China University of Petroleum	12	151	317	378
991	Brown University	15	150	725	1074
991	University of Rostock	9	150	474	584
991	Vilnius University	5	150	426	383
991	King Abdulaziz University	5	150	786	755
991	University of Ghana	12	150	258	404
996	Henan University of Science and Technology	6	149	314	272
996	Jiangxi Agricultural University	6	149	182	194
996	Xi'an University of Technology	3	149	415	275
999	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	11	148	166	286
999	National Yang-Ming University	10	148	332	479

Journals

Authors

Affiliations

Scientometrics

Citing Bodies

Japan

Top Universities (by peer-reviewed citations)