This chart shows the percentage of citations to Dieter Lütjohann's peer-reviewed articles that originate from Dieter Lütjohann's own papers, i.e., papers where Dieter Lütjohann is one of the authors. A self-citation occurs when the citing paper lists Dieter Lütjohann as an author. Elevated rates may reflect a small co-author network or a narrow research focus.